Decision-Making Process in Organizations-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the job of a Manager in rousing morals in the dynamic procedure in Organizations. Answer: Presentation Dynamic procedure is an imperative advance that decides the reasonability and believability of one's choice. In this manner, using a fitting strategy to settle on a decision is vital to the acknowledgment of a result that is esteemed as reasonable, practical and esteem adding to all the partners straightforwardly affected by the approaching choice. This paper analyzes the job of a chief in rousing morals in the dynamic procedure in associations. The report talks about all the means engaged with the way toward settling on the choice, in this manner critical in helping both the people and associations to settle on right choices. The Process of Decision Making Business visionaries and chiefs settle on choices every day in regards to the operational and key issues in the organization. These choices to a great extent direct the destiny of the organization. A suitable and fitting decision is frequently a huge increase to both the business and picture of the firm. Best practice dynamic has clear stages and utilizes partners contribution. The gatherings straightforwardly or by implication affected by the choice must be allowed a chance to communicate their supposition and appreciate the straightforwardness of the procedure. In addition, this contribution guarantees that issues nearby are seen in wide point of view and definite examination made to show up at an ideal arrangement. (Stanovich and West, 2008, pp. 672-695). A perfect dynamic system ought to be guided by a few stages that try to distinguish the issue, gather data on the issue and burdening the accessible arrangement. The nitty gritty arrangement of the procedure involves Identification of the issue and motivation behind the choice, Information gathering, Principle of making a decision about other options. Conceptualizing and investigation of various decisions, Evaluation of choices, Select the best substitution, execute the choice and assess the outcome (Green, 2013). These means give a framework procedure that individuals can follow to show up at the best choice to their issues. The conceptualizing stage offer s the chief a chance to assess the best accessible other options, and subsequently, build up a vigorous way to deal with take care of a given issue. ID of the issue and reason for the choice The rise and fast spreading of an awful infection in West Africa has undermined the lives of individuals in that locale. The way that human life must be spared and saved no matter what, monstrous endeavors and bolster should be saddled and directed to rescue the circumstance. Mediations should be made by various partners including the World Health Organization body to carry mental soundness and pride to the nature of lives of individuals from the area. Notwithstanding, every choice has outcomes. Right off the bat, the cure found through the test done to chimpanzees demonstrated it could fix the illness, yet its symptoms to individuals are as yet obscure (Sharot, Korn and Dolan, 2011, pp. 14751479). Morals directs those medications without information on reactions ought not be controlled to people. This is a result of possible mischief to their bodies which can deny the casualties honorable lives (Pant, 2011). Further, it is inside the privileges of the casualties to have assent and endorse any techniques and medicines to their bodies that sway on their nature of lives. Something else, the association dangers conclusion and huge claims if the medications events lethal symptoms to the patients. As an administrator, the issue should be glanced comprehensively and top to bottom to decide the partners and degree of their association (Chou, Johnson, Ward, and Blewett, 2009, 2282-2288). Additionally, the supervisor will set the objective and motivation behind the choice looked for as helping a sickly people recuperate and improve their nature of lives and furthermore guaranteeing the association doesn't endure a mishap as the aftereffect of the choice. Another factor to the issue is t en years to decide the security of the medications to human lives by the Australian specialists (Guo, 2008, pp. 118127). Data gathering Data gathering structures the following stage in this procedure additionally named partners contribution. This a similarly significant advance to accomplish an educated and comprehensive choice worthy to all the gatherings. The initiative of the pharmaceutical needs to evaluate the circumstance considering the affliction and likely loss of lives of the casualties in West Africa and possible effect of the choice made on the association (Poudyal, Gopal, and Kedar, 2011). Data sharing procedure hence encourages the simple phases of separating. There should a channel to defeat the other existing angles in the field, as an approach to be proceeded. Regulating of the medications to the casualties will either have positive or negative results to the two gatherings. The medications will capture the wild spreading of the infection yet have unexpected symptoms to the patients (Blanchfield, Heffernan, Osgood, Sheehan and Meyer, 2010). In the most pessimistic scenario, the symptoms can be lethal and wind up causing physiological sickness or passings in the most pessimistic scenario. In this way, it is significant how significant the way toward settling on choices and thusly, concoct the most ideal approach to do data social events. As a chief, there is have to front the initiative of the partnership to connect with the wellbeing expert in Australia and furthermore look for the contribution of the WHO World wellbeing association body to finishing up (Perneger and Agoritsas, 2011, pp. 14111417). Besides, both the wellbeing professional and wellbeing experts in West Africa will be welcomed on board at this stage with the goal that the matter of the unconventionality of reactions of the medications is uncovered and acknowledged. This is a transition to advance straightforwardness and dependable procedure (Lachman, 2012, pp. 248-250). Standard of making a decision about other options The chief and his group of partners have two options which are to control the medications or prematurely ending the mission. In any case, the measures for assessing the choices needs to objective, sound and reasonable. Due thought must be allocated to the pride of human life and the notoriety of the enterprise in case of a deplorable outcome (Kaufman, 2011, pp. 299-304). Likewise, the association should allude to the corporate culture and authoritative objectives and destinations to guarantee that the procedure is reliable. It is the administrator's job to guarantee that arrangement accomplished doesn't repudiate the conviction, corporate culture and expert morals of the association (Voges, 2012, pp. 30-32). Subsequently, the way toward making the decisions is through looking at the accessible arrangements, and different choices accessible to deal with the issue. Conceptualizing and examine various decisions Conceptualizing is the phase of contemplating whatever other options that can mitigate the approaching emergency. The partners will list all the thoughts haphazardly anticipating assessment stage. Reasons for the issue manage this activity as they enroll in need and produce potential arrangements at the same time (Johnson and Stoskopf, 2010). As an administrator, the group will be empowered and tuned into considering some fresh possibilities to offer a sensible arrangement or intercede to improve the circumstance pending assurance of the practicality of the medications by the Australian wellbeing specialists (Brunin and Aghurst, 2013). Assessment of options Assessment stage is the period of screening to guarantee consistence to moral contemplations both in the calling and philanthropic managing. The choices are additionally weighed for viability and advanced result in that an issue happens that will be lethal and irreversible (Schacter, Gilbert, and Wegner, 2011). A top to bottom and all encompassing examination enumerating the upsides and downsides of every choice will give an away from to the following period of determination of the other option. The supervisor needs to keep up the attention on the target measures for assessment at this stage (Toren and Wagner, 2010, pp. 393-402). Select the best other option This is the period of choosing a choice after fair treatment of assessing the accessible choices. All the gatherings in question or most of partners must help the choice and promise duty to the alternative for it to be received. Something else, the usage of the choice will be subverted or done destitutely (Northouse, 2007). With this impact, the elective choice will be to avoid the use of the medications for absence of information on its reactions to the possible patients. Additionally in consistence and show of accommodation and harmony with the Australian wellbeing specialists, the partnership needs to dismiss the solicitation by the wellbeing laborer in Western Africa to give space for the specialists to pronounce its security for human treatment. Further, the administration of the company will consider connecting with the World Health Organization in giving some other type of wellbeing administrations to the casualties to relieve the anguish (Frisch and Huppenbauer, 2014, pp. 23-43). It tends to be through pooling of assets by the partners to give any extra fundamental help including managing and guiding to the people in question. Therefore, the accessibility of the decisions during the time spent creation the choice significant give an open door for the others or undertakings to take structure. Execute the choice The administration of the partnership through the director should legitimately react to the associate wellbeing laborer uncovering the situation of the organization and defending the equivalent. Significantly, there ought to be plans for set exercises settled on to activity the choice came to during the dynamic procedure. The way of execution of the judgment is completely basic since it decides the mentality and comprehension of the influenced parties (Garman, Johnson, and Royer, 2011). The supervisor should organize a plunk down gathering with his associate because of the grave matter of the circumstance and considerately decay the r

Referencing Harvard

It is imperative to show your peruser that you have searched out master, solid sources to help bolster and build up your reasoning, and this is done through referencing. The inclining toward in your task: exhibits great research lead shows the scope of thoughts and approaches you have found and pondered recognizes the wellsprings of those thoughts tells your peruser where they can find those sources. Referencing likewise causes you to keep away from written falsification. In the event that you present another person's thoughts as though they are your own work, or utilize precisely the same language they use without affirmation, you are submitting plagiarism.Plagiarism can be accidental because of poor referencing, yet the outcomes are consistently genuine. Exact referencing encourages you to maintain a strategic distance from this. For more data on keeping away from written falsification, visit http://asset. Associations. Du. AU/course/see. PH? Id=1 572 Every time you incorporate wor ds, thoughts or data from a source †regardless of whether it's a site, book or Journal article †in your task, you should remember a for content reference to show that this substance has been assembled from some place else.In-content references must be incorporated at whatever point you: 0 rework another person's thoughts in your own words outlines another person's thoughts in your own words quote another person's thoughts in their definite words duplicate or adjust a graph, table or some other visual material. For each source that you reference in-content, you should likewise make a section in the inclination list toward the finish of the task. 2 How would we reference? There are two segments to a Harvard reference: 1) an in-content reference in the body of your task Cabochon (2008) investigates a scope of topics and ideas†¦ ) full reference subtleties in your reference list Cabochon, M 2008, Maps and legends, Immenseness Books, San Francisco. 1) In-content references An in-content reference is given each time you allude to thoughts or data from another source, and incorporates the accompanying subtleties: 0 the creator's family name (do exclude given names) [authoring body or association the time of distribution page numbers where appropriate. There are two fundamental approaches to introduce an in-content reference, as demonstrated below.One way offers unmistakable quality to the data by setting the reference toward the finish of your sentence in sections: Universities can assume a functioning job in discovering answers for environmental change (Folio 2010, p. 2). Another way offers unmistakable quality to the creator by putting the reference in the body of your sentence, with the creator's name joined into the sentence structure and the date in sections: Folio (2010, p. 2) contends that colleges can assume a functioning job in discovering answers for atmosphere change.Including page numbers Page numbers are incorporated when you: pacific page or pages allude to tables, figures, pictures or present explicit data like dates/measurements. Habeas (2007, p. 48) takes note of that the author ‘draws on a built up convention of appropriating the winding down for different social and political purposes'. On the off chance that you do these things for a source without pages †e. G. A site †at that point Just creator and year will get the job done. 2) The reference list The reference list gives full bibliographic subtleties to all the sources alluded to in your task so perusers can without much of a stretch find them. Each extraordinary source referenced in your paper must have a coordinating passage in your reference list. Note that the reference list isn't a book reference. A catalog records all that you may have perused, while a reference list is intentionally restricted to those hotspots for which you have given in-content references. A list of sources isn't required except if explicitly mentioned by your lectur er.The reference list is titled References and is: 0 masterminded sequentially by writer's family name (or title/supporting association where a source has no writer) a solitary rundown where books, Journal articles and electronic sources are recorded together (see test reference list on p. 6 of this guide). The principle components required for all references are the creator, year, title and distribution data. Single line dispersing required Judd, D, Assistant, K and David, GM 2010, A background marked by American nursing: patterns and times, Jones and Bartlett, London.Candler, PM, Patton, JAG, Coleman, RE, Egotistical, A, Hackers, FIG and Hoofer, BP 1999, Diagnostic atomic medication, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. Whitewater, R 2009, ‘How can nursing mediation look into diminish the exploration practice hole? , Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, Volvo. 41, no. 4, up. 7-15. Leave space between every passage No space required in second or ensuing lines of a section A conc entrate from an article utilizing the Harvard referencing framework Essay extricate The exacting adjustment of a book to film is basically impossible.As Steam (AAA, p. 4) recommends: The move from a solitary track verbal medium, for example, the novel to a multi-track medium like film, which can play with words (composed and expressed) yet in addition with music, audio effects, and moving bibliographic pictures, clarifies the impossibility and nuisance of strict loyalty. Remarks Always give creator, year and page number(s) while citing. Statements longer than thirty words are indented the two sides, and are one text dimension littler. Ellipsis (†¦ Shows at least one words have been omitted.It is confounding, at that point, that perusers and crowds are so incredulous of adjustments which take freedoms, now and then to improve things, with their source material. Film adjustments of books are every now and again ‘castigated and held to a ridiculously thorough standard of con stancy (Steam Bibb, p. 15). On the off chance that key scenes from a novel are pruned for film, crowds regularly respond adversely. In any case, constancy isn't a fitting measure for assessing a film adjustment's prosperity, as various researchers agree (Despond ; Hawkers 2006; Letch 2008; McFarland 1996; Miller ; Steam 2004). Making a decision about film adjustments is eventually, Whelan (1999, p. ) fights, ‘an estimated science hounded by esteem decisions about the relative imaginative worth of writing and film'. A fanatic of a novel may criticize a film adjustment which modifies the first book in some style, yet their reaction is profoundly emotional and neglects to consider the practices and real factors of film creation (McFarland 2007, p. 26). Now and then there are justification for threatening vibe. Creator Alan Moore has seen some of his perplexing realistic books adjusted into shallow Hollywood items, making him amazingly reproachful of producers and the movie produc er process (Assures 2009).However, this sort of demeanor can be automatic and reactionary. As opposed to being excessively hypercritical about literary loyalty, it is ideal to move toward film adjustments as re-understandings of their source material (Hutchison 2006, p. 8) or as ‘a change of content, a learnedness (Scariest, refered to in Sanders 2006, p. 2). Also, new methods of creation further confound existing meanings of, and ways to deal with, adjustment (Moore, MR. 2010, p. 180). So The letters ‘a' and ‘b' have been added to the years here or more to recognize various sources by a similar creator (Steam) distributed in the equivalent year.Several sources refered to on the double. Statements shorter than thirty words are encased in single quotes. Continuously give creator, year and page number(s) while summarizing a printed source. Web reports require a similar data for the in-content reference (creator and year). No page number for electronic sources except if accessible. Statement from Scariest found in Sanders' work. On the off chance that creators have comparative family names, remember first initials for reference to maintain a strategic distance from disarray. 5 References Assures, S 2009, Why Alan Moore loathes comic-book motion pictures', Total Film, 2 February, saw 5 December 2010, .Despond,J and Hawkers, P 2006, Adaptation: examining film and writing, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Hutchison, L 2006, A hypothesis of adjustment, Rutledge, New York. Letch, T 2008, ‘Adaptation learns at a junction', Adaptation, Volvo. 1, no. 1, up. 63-77. McFarland, B 1996, Novel to film: a prologue to the hypothesis of adjustment, Oxford University Press, New York. ? 2007, ‘Reading film and writing', in D Cartel and I Whelan (des), The Cambridge ally to writing on screen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, up. 15-28. Mill operator, T and Steam, R (des) 2004, An ally to film hypothesis, Blackwell Publishing, saw 30 October 012, .Moore, MR. 2010, ‘Adaptation and new media', Adaptation, Volvo. 3, no. 2, up. 179-92. Sanders, J 2006, Adaptation and appointment, Rutledge, New York. Steam, R AAA, ‘Introduction: the hypothesis and practice of adjustment', in R Steam and An Orange (des), Literature and film: a manual for the hypothesis and practice of film adjustment, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, up. 1-52. ? Bibb, Literature through film: authenticity, enchantment, and the specialty of adjustment, Blackwell Publishing, Malden. Whelan, 1 1999, ‘Adaptations: the contemporary situations', in D Cartel and I Whelan (des), Adaptations: from content to screen, screen to content, Rutledge, London, up. - 19. Online paper or magazine article Book with two writers Book Journal article Two works by same writer, recorded sequentially Dash utilized when more than one work by same writer recorded Chapter in an altered book Ebook. Two editors Journal article Book from which Serviette's statement taken Two works by same wri ter in same year, recorded an and b dependent on in order request of title of the work Dash utilized Please note: this concentrate is from a task written in the Humanities. If it's not too much trouble allude to distributed work in your general vicinity of study for instances of referencing shows pacific to your control. Imagine a scenario where your source doesn't actually coordinate any of these models. This guide of source you have to reference in the pages that follow, and develop your reference in that configuration utilizing the example(s) gave to manage you. While this guide gives a wide scope of models

Springfield

Springfield Springfield. 1 City (1990 pop. 105,227), state capital and seat of Sangamon co., central Ill., on the Sangamon River; settled 1818, inc. as a city 1840. In a rich agricultural region (sorghum, corn, cattle, and dairying), it is a wholesale trade, retail, and distribution center. Its varied industries produce consumer goods, flour, transportation equipment, parking meters, building materials, machinery, and electrical and electronic products. There is also book publishing. Oil and natural-gas fields lie to the south. The city is the seat of Springfield College in Illinois, Benedictine University, and the Univ. of Illinois at Springfield. Nearby are New Salem Historic Site, Camp Butler National Cemetery, and Lake Springfield. Abraham Lincoln, who was instrumental in having Springfield made the state capital in 1839, lived and practiced law there from 1837 to 1861. He is buried nearby, with his wife and three of their children, in a tomb and monument designed by L. G. Mead and dedic ated in 1874. Lincoln's home is preserved as a national historic site. Other places of interest include the capitol (1867â€"87), built in the style of Renaissance architecture; the old capitol (1837), where Lincoln made his House Divided speech and which contains the state historical library; several Lincoln museums, including the Depot Museum, where Lincoln made his farewell address (1861), and that at the Lincoln presidential library; the governor's mansion (1853â€"57); the state art gallery; and the state fairgrounds. Vachel Lindsay was born in Springfield; his house is a museum. 2 Industrial city (1990 pop. 156,983), seat of Hampden co., SW Mass., on the Connecticut River; inc. 1641. A port of entry, the city has significant printing and publishing industries. Among its many manufactures are ordnance, chemicals, plastics, machinery, electrical equipment, paper and metallurgical goods, and clothing. The city is the seat of Springfield College, American International Colle ge, and Western New England College. Saint-Gaudens ' Puritan is in Merrick Park. Also in the city are Forest Park (which has a zoo), the Basketball Hall of Fame, and several additional museums. Springfield was settled (1636) by Puritans under William Pynchon , and was one of the scenes in Shays's Rebellion (1786â€"87) and a station on the Underground Railroad . The U.S. Armory, which operated there from 1794 to 1966, was famous for the development of the Springfield and Garand army rifles; it now contains an arms museum and is a national historic site (see National Parks and Monuments , table). Basketball was invented at what is now Springfield College in 1891 by James Naismith . The first American-made projection planetarium was designed and built (1937) by Frank Korkosz for the city's science museum, which also contains an aquarium. 3 City (1990 pop. 140,494), seat of Greene co., SW Mo., in a resort area of the Ozarks; inc. 1846. It is the industrial, trade, service , and shipping center of a rich agricultural area producing dairy goods, livestock, poultry, grains, and fruit. The city's manufactures include metal, wood, and paper products; motor vehicles and transportation equipment; foods; machinery; electronic goods; apparel; feeds; and artificial flowers. Springfield is the seat of Drury Univ., Southwest Missouri State Univ., Evangel Univ., Baptist Bible College, and Central Bible College. It is also the international headquarters of the Assemblies of God church. In the Civil War, Springfield was taken by Confederate forces after the battle (1861) of Wilson's Creek; nearby are the battlefield and a national cemetery. Wild Bill Hickok lived in the city. 4 City (1990 pop. 70,487), seat of Clark co., W central Ohio, on the Mad River; settled 1799, inc. as a city 1850. A manufacturing center in a rich farm area, it is especially known for its production of farm machinery and trucks. Other goods include are machinery, tools, and a variety of metal (iron and steel) products. The city grew with the building of the National Road (1838), the arrival of the railroads (mid-1800s), and the establishment of farm-machinery plants (late 1800s). Wittenberg Univ. is there, as is Frank Lloyd Wright's Westcott House. Nearby is George Rogers Clark Park. 5 City (1990 pop. 44,683), Lane co., W central Oregon, between the McKenzie and Willamette rivers; inc. 1885. Near the forested foothills of the Cascade Range, the city has important lumbering and forest-product industries. Berries, nuts, poultry, dairy products, nursery plants, smoked fish, and chemicals are also produced. The McKenzie River recreational area is nearby. 6 Uninc. town (1990 pop. 23,706), Fairfax co., NE Va., a suburb of Washington, D.C. Its manufactures include foods, paper and concrete products, transportation equipment, medical devices, machinery, computers, and furniture. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia Univer sity Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

What Are the Principal Parts of Latin Verbs

When you learn a new Latin verb you generally learn an abbreviated form of the following four principal parts: the present, active, indicative, first person, singular,the present active infinitive,the perfect, active, indicative, first person, singular, andthe past participle (or perfect passive participle), singular, masculine. Taking as an example the first conjugation verb amo (love), you will see in the dictionary something like: amo, -are, -avi, -atus. This is an abbreviated form of the four principal parts: amo, amare, amavi, amatus. The four principal parts correspond with English forms: I love (or I am loving) [present, active, first person, singular],To love [present active infinitive],I have loved (or I loved) [perfect, active, first person, singular],Loved [past participle]. In English, however, you usually just learn something referred to as the verb, as in love. That doesnt mean English lacks principal parts—just that we tend to ignore them and if we learn them, we dont have to learn four: The present active indicative first person singular of love is love,the simple past tense and the past participle loved. If you learn the verb is love or to love you know to add the -d for the past. This makes it seem onerous to have to learn four forms for each Latin verb; however, even in English we sometimes face a similar challenge. It all depends on whether were dealing with what is called a strong verb or a weak one. Having four principal parts not so different from English if you insert the infinitive (to the verb) in the list of principal parts, andlook at a strong verb like ring rather than a weak verb like love. A strong verb in English changes the vowel to change the tense. I — A — U in the following example: Ring is the present,To ring is the present infinitive,Rang is the past, andRung is the past participle. A weak verb (like love) doesnt change the vowel. Why Should You Notice the Four Principal Parts? The four principal parts of the Latin verb give you all the information you need to conjugate the verb. Not all first principal parts end in -o. Some are in the third person, not first.The infinitive tells you which conjugation it is in. Drop the -re to locate the present stem.The perfect form is often unpredictable, although usually you just drop the terminal -i to find the perfect stem. Deponent and semi-deponent verbs only have 3 principal parts: The perfect form doesnt end in -i. Conor, -ari, -atus sum is a deponent verb. The third principal part is the perfect.Some verbs cant be made passive, and some verbs have the active future participle in place of the past participle for the fourth principal part. Sources and Further Reading Moreland, Floyd L., and Fleischer, Rita M. Latin: An Intensive Course. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.Traupman, John C. The Bantam New College Latin English Dictionary. Third Edition. New York: Bantam Dell, 2007.

Scientific Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution refers to a time in history when developments in the sciences took off and changed the view of society regarding the earth and nature. Some of the relevant topics of this time were mathematics, astronomy, biology, physics and chemistry. Typically, the scientific revolution is considered the time in Europe starting around the end of the Renaissance period and lasting through the late 18th century. Between 1543 and 1700, Europe underwent many changes that forever changed the thoughts and beliefs of society as a result of the scientific revolution. During this time, the creation of many inventions came about and the studies of many people changed the culture of society. Evidence was no longer†¦show more content†¦Harvey is given credit for being the first to accurately describe the entire circuit, including arteries and veins, of where the blood starts in the circulation process and where it ends as a result of heart contractions. In the publication su bmitted by Copernicus, he established a model of the universe that depicted the Sun and not the Earth at the center of the universe. He described the Earth revolving around the sun which was in contrast to earlier thinking that suggested the sun revolved around the Earth (heliocentric theory). This revelation of thought started a change in the way the world was viewed. Maybe the Earth was not the center of everything and maybe there was more out there that could be learned in order to scientifically understand the world (Scientific revolution). Johannes Kepler followed in the footsteps of Copernicus. He too believed that the sun was the center of the universe. Kepler was a religious man and did not want to speak against his religious beliefs. He therefore took a different approach. He studied the heavens in order to better understand how God put the planets in motion around the sun. He is best known for his formulation of the Laws of planetary Motion. The Laws of planetary Motion consisted of three parts. The first part was the belief that the planets moved in elliptical orbits. The second part was the equal area law whichShow MoreRelatedThe Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1873 Words   |  8 Pageswas the most influential figure of the scientific revolution. The scientific revolution brought attention to many figures, Copernicus and Galileo, but Newton is the scientist with most influential changes that that have changed how we think. His research and discovery of gravitation formula led to the scientific method. While that was his most famous discovery, he also had many findings in the mathematical field. Newton changed the way we think and his discovery on gravity was monumental, but even todayRead MoreThe Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1444 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the Scientific Revolution began to take shape around the year 1550, the world of science was exceedingly narrow and thought to be known. The scientific views of the pre-scientific revolution stem back even further than the popular Aristotelian era of science. Hippocrates contributed greatly to the field of science, especially in the field of medicine. It was during his years of medical studies that Hippocrates theorized the â€Å"Four Temperaments†. This theory hypothesized that there are fourRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesparallels between ideas of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment This essay will explore parallels between the ideas of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment. The scientific revolution describes a time when great changes occurred in the way the universe was viewed, d through the advances of sciences during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The enlightenment refers to a movement that grew out of the new scientific ideas of the revolution that occurred in the late seventeenthRead MoreScience Revolutions and Inseases in Inventions Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesScience Revolutions and Inseases in Inventions Over the past millennium there have been several significant scientific revolutions that have led to an increase in the amount of inventions within that field of science. Yet some scientific revolutions have been restricted to a containment of research within the field and thus meant that no inventions have occurred. Specific reasons for the increase in research are basically because new inventions can help the needs ofRead MoreThe Contributions of Isaac Newton to The Scientific Revolution1064 Words   |  5 Pages The Scientific Revolution was a period when new scientific ideas where introduced into society. The Scientific Revolution laid down a foundation in which modern science is heavily based on. 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The Scientific Revolution which included the development of scientific attitudes and skepticism of old views on nature and humanityRead MoreThe Impact of the Scientific Revolution Upon the Enlightenment 975 Words   |  4 Pagesintellectual changes in Europe that had resulted from the scientific revolution during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The scientific revolution and the discoveries made about the natural world would ultimately challenge the way people perceived the world around them. Scientist found real answers, by questioning flawed ancient beliefs that were widely held and maintained by the church. Ultimately, these discoveries and scientific advanceme nts would evolve and effect social, cultural, andRead MoreScientific Revolution- Ap Euro Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesHow did the developments in scientific thought from Copernicus to Newton create a new conception of the universe and of humanity’s place within it? The Scientific Revolution was a time of scientific questioning in which tremendous discoveries were made about the Earth. It has been referred to as â€Å"the real origin both of the modern world and the modern mentality† (Mckay, 596) and caused the foremost change in the world-view. This revolution occurred for many reasons. Universities were establishedRead More The Impact of the Scientific Revolution Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of the Scientific Revolution Science began soon after the Birth of Civilization. Man had already learned to tame animals and grow plants. To shape materials like clay and metals to his purposes and even to heal his bodily ailments. We do not know why he did these things because his magic and reasoning are concealed. Only with the second millennium B.C have we learned that there were three elements in man’s attitude to nature, which impacted the growth of the scientific revolution: empiricalRead MoreThe Rationalization Of Global Warming1333 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent discussions within the scientific community and throughout its path towards acceptance scientist in agreeance with the model have to provide evidence of support for their claim. Kuhn’s process of discovery states that normal science is only thrown into a paradigm shift when a crisis emerges within the paradigm and the discoveries within the crisis lead to a revolution towards a new normal science. Within the scientific community of g lobal warming, the discoveries were preceded by observations

Tutorial on Alligation Free Essays

Tutorial – Alligation I This is a copy on a word document. A few members have posted that they could not open the original that was posted on August 4, 2002 as a Created Text File. The following is an exact duplicate: The following is a dilution problem, solved by using an alligation method. We will write a custom essay sample on Tutorial on Alligation or any similar topic only for you Order Now to see this problem solved by using ratio/proportion please see a Tutorial called: Tutorial on Dilution Using the Ratio / Proportion Method Problem: The doctor has ordered 60ml of a 12% solution of a specific drug (Rx). However, on the shelf you have only 30% (Availability or Av). What can you do? or use instead? Answer: Dilute the stronger 30% with WATER to make a 12% solution Calculation: Alligation or Ratio/Proportion Method This Tutorial is by using the Alligation method only. For the Ratio Proportion Method Please see the Tutorial on Dilution Using the Ratio / Proportion Method Begin by drawing a Tic Tac Toe diagram: NOTE: WATER has NO drug in it. Therefore the percentage (%) of drug is 0%. 1. Place the high in the upper left. (H) 2. Place the lowest in the lower left. (L) 3. Place the middle or what you are going to make in the middle. (M) 4. Subtract H – L and it becomes (both) the denominators. 30-0=30 5. Subtract H – M and it becomes the numerator of the lower right corner. 30- 12=18 6. Subtract M – L and it becomes the numerator of the upper right corner. 12-0=12 7. Check point: 12 + 18 = 30, 30 over 30 = 1 or 30/30 = 1 Note in the future doing other alligations: If your answer is one or 1 then you may proceed with a green light to the next step! Your alligation should look like this: 12 30% —– X 60 ml = 24 ml of 30 % solution 30 12% 18 % —– X 60 ml = 36 ml of WATER (0 % solution) 30 = 60 ml of 12% solution Dear All With the ability of this new site to keep the graphic or design of the tic tac toe, I have been able to enhance it here on a File attachment. The lines of the alegation stay straight!!! Jeanetta Mastron copyright July 18, 2002 The above is an exact copy/duplicate of the Created Text File on a word document. A few members have posted that they could not open the original that was posted on August 4, 2002 as a Created Textr File. The above is an exact duplicate. The following is the original date it was posted, the original link that is STILL on the site with the Created Text File, and a Print Screen which proves the original posted date. Original post date: Aug  4,  2002 Original link of JeanettasPTCBStudyGroup: http://f1. grp. yahoofs. com/v1/AMLVSb6aO3208cFhgB9h90haDMQjWFAZpRWYP9pgHo88xiQ8ZLvqBwWiBIDp pIEkkCdYpiUxP5thnV6nJHq6/5-%20Tutorial-1%20%26%20Study%20Information/S%208-%20Math%20Tutorials%20Only/Alligations/Tutorial%20on%20Allegations%20I This is the original and current description of the Created Text of: Tutorial on Allegations I Learn how to dilute a strong solution with WATER using the Allegation methodas described by Jeanetta Mastron CPhT, Founder of the PTCB Study Group! . To learn how to do this with the Ratio-Proportion Method see the Tutorial on Dilutio using Ratio/Proportion Method copyright July 2002 by Jeanetta Mastron This is a print screen to prove that this was posted earlier. [pic] Please note the correct spelling of the word is Alligation. [pic] ———————– Notice the dates: Original Sept 21, 2003 Word Copy Apr 3, 2009 Updated Word May 23, 2009 How to cite Tutorial on Alligation, Papers

About Rabha Tribe of Assam free essay sample

Such traditional songs are basically found in the subgroups such as Maitory, Rongdani, Kocha, Pati, Dahuri, Totola etc. , who have retained their traditional faith and dialects. Rabha folk songs can be classified into the following categories: (a) Songs associated with worship, fair and festivals; (b) Songs connected with the rites of passage; (c) Seasonal songs; (d) Songs of love and yearning; (e) Songs associated with merriment; (f) Songs associated with agriculture; (g) Work songs and (h) Miscellaneous songs. (a) Songs associated with worship, fair and festivals: Seasonal fair and religious festivals are common in Rabha Society. These religious festivals are especially arranged for agricultural purposes. Among these religious festivals the worship of khoktshi or baikhu is very significant. It is primarily a dance and song based festival, organized before the commencement of the agricultural activities of the year. The festival begins with wishing each other a happy new year and in the memory of dodan and marukhetri. We will write a custom essay sample on About Rabha Tribe of Assam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deities like khoktshima, bairaNgiri, mairaNgiri, etc. are also individually worshiped, where praise-worthy huimaru or baikhu song of dodan and marukhetri, daduri, tshutsari,dzimari are sung through out the night. Beside these, sathar song is also sung by the youths. The specimen of the song is quoted below: hoi aiya tshitsora aiya tshitsora tolotshi porano dONa, tematshe hoi aiya tshitsora. aiya tshitsora tontshera doNa tematsha hoi aiya tshitsora. Oh Goddess earth, please satisfy our heartiest salutation and listen to our humble prayers. Oh mother, bless us with grain and wealth. Oh mother, we are the descendents of marukhetri Tukuria geet is another significant folk song related to religious festival. Tukuria geet is sung at the time of worshipping tukuriadeo (Goddess). In this ballad like song, the description of langadevata (mahadeva) , narayani (parbati), kashulkumari, supuni, ghardeboti, rathawali kachaikhaiti, dudhkwari, subsani ( nine sisters ) and gosani, coming down from heaven along with herkapeta (ganesh) with the intention of worship is enunciated. (b) Songs connected with the rites of passage: The Rabha society has a wide-ranging numbers of folksongs connected with the rites of passage. Among these, mention may be made of to-tekamni tsay (Marriage related), pharkanti (folk song related to death ceremony), etc. Pharkanti is a folk song presented in sradha ceremony. This kind of folk tradition is found in Maitori and Rongdani sub-groups. A part of pharkanti song is given below: tondoleka ana ana korok korok khara ato dzonOm rano ure naNtshe phamana oh bhai mansheleNka naNTtshe phamana. Oh kingfisher, you know what our brother will be born as (C) Seasonal song: Since time immemorial, the agrarian society of the Rabha follows different agriculture or season related festivals, where the pan picture of society is depicted through a variety of songs. Among these mention may be made of bhaluk notshuwar geet (Bear dance), Ori / arimaga geet (bagging song), hatshoN puja geet, Grimbuda, etc. e. g. : ori/arimoga geet-Ori or Arimoga geet is associated with begging, i. e. , a group of children go from house to house singing in order to collect remuneration or money. This kind of folk song is prevalent among Pati Rabhas. A part of Ori or arimoga geet is given below:- ahiluNre orene mahalaksmir tshorone m ahalaksmir ditshe bor dhan topata olai por we have come wandering, to the feet of goddess laksmi, please offer us something in the name of laksmi who is blessing you (d) Songs of love and yearning: Songs of love and yearning (pronoigandhi geet) are very popular among the Rabha’s. Among these songs mention may be made of sathar geet bahuraNi geet, Baikho-trokkay geet. e. g. : sathar geet: The ‘sathar geet’ is sung in baikhu festival. bhogobano urgino bhog-tultshirai nukbarkaiyo urgino tshale rumal phulo rai hurtshai hurtshai Submit to the almighty with ‘tulsi’ submit to the dear ones with floral rumal i. e. handkerchief Baikho-trokkay is another significant love and yearning song sung in Baikho worship. The Maitory and Rongdani Rabha’s specially sing this song. The young boys and girls generally present it.

Work based project Essay Example For Students

Work based project Essay The meals that are offered should meet the Essence of care standards which state that all patients are entitled to three balanced meals a day including snacks 24hrs a day. However it also states that Community and Mental Health services are therefore:- not required to adopt the menu format as set out in the NHS Recipe Book but are encouraged to do so where this is appropriate. The Ward Manager mentioned that cutbacks in the food menu and other areas were needed to meet the budget and therefore I was urged to quash hopes of games sessions as funding would be needed for items such as balls etc. We will write a custom essay on Work based project specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Even though there were clearly many health benefits to the patients undertaking exercise rather than being schooled on a balanced diet, the latter was favoured because it was the safer option, but the question was safer for whom? I then went to work on my presentation and used PowerPoint and incorporated the use of flashing images and sounds to gain the attention of the service users (my audience) and also to try and make the session as least boring as I could. The biggest dilemma I faced however was that of telling the service users that the activity that they had taken their time to choose had been greatly modified if not completely disregarded. During lunch on the day before the proposed new activity was to take place I had to announce to the service users the change in structure. Many of them did not respond verbally but I could see by their facial expressions that they were extremely disappointed. I explained to them that it was to safeguard their health and safety and proposed my talk about health talk the following day, I had complete reservations about the attendance of the session. As expected, almost all of the service users did not show up, with exception of only two, Mrs. E and John. It was apparent that the service users had lost trust in me and were obviously conveying their feelings by refusal to show up. Mrs. E and John only managed to stay stationary for less than five minutes and had begun to fondle each other. The support workers had to pull them apart and I was unable to carry out the rest of my presentation. On Reflection Looking back at my research project I would not change the way in which I carried it out however I feel it would have been beneficial if I had known the residents for as long as I have known them now. There are also indications that more accurate, detailed information is provided when the researcher has spent time getting to know people and has regular contact with the participants during the research'(Cornwell, 1984). I also did not take into account how much of an impact the organizations policies were going to have on the project. I would have preferred for the project to have had a positive impact on the service users however I feel that it may have lowered their self esteem even more. Nonetheless McIver (1991) suggests that where an evaluation has explored in some depth the nature of the service individuals receive as well as the impact it has on the recipients, the task of establishing the relationships between these two sets of data is challenging but nonetheless of considerable importance to the future development of policy and provision. As services strive more and more to offer an individual service to their users this can complicate attempts to aggregate outcomes, and produce misleading results for the project as a whole. Whilst planning the project and undertaking it there are many issues that I encountered that may need reviewing and others changed completely. Firstly, the main problem was that the organisation did not look at the patients as people and disregarded what they wanted. .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .postImageUrl , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:hover , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:visited , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:active { border:0!important; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:active , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Describe the challenges that Human Resource Manage EssayThe problem many healthcare workers face is that they get stuck in a situation where they routinely treat the patients as a whole and do not take the time to get to know them personally and take heed to their individual likes and interests. The National Service Framework (1999) states All mental health service users on CPA should receive care which optimises engagement however one could argue that this was not the case when the Ward manager refused an activity that offered many advantages. Furthermore The Community Care Act (1990) states that In some cases, resources should not be taken into account, for instance, if a person would be at severe physical risk if a service were not provided. Even though the service users (especially the heavier ones) may not suffer straightaway, over a period of time they could be at physical risk from not having any exercise. Moreover because research suggests that exercise eases stress and may cause a reduction in low self esteem it could possibly slow the processes of patients becoming more depressed. Discrimination against people with mental health problems is rife and extends into the health professions (Chadda, 2000) and discriminatory behaviour is conveyed by certain members of staff at the unit. The National Occupational Standards state that one of the key purposes of Mental health services is to provide equitable and non-discriminatory services, across all age groups and settings however one could argue that the senior members of staff may discriminate against Mrs. E and John because of their expression of their sexuality. It is possible that staff separate Mrs. E and John for their own benefit rather than for the benefit of the service users themselves because it seems that the more they are not allowed to interact with people of different sex it makes their exhibition of promiscuous behaviour even worse. It is apparent that the organisational structure of health and social care services has developed a culture of just do it and do not ask questions. This could be because of a number of several factors. The healthcare market has grown dramatically and this is reflected also by the many consumers. Statistics (2000) show that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people being referred to psychiatric services since the 1940s particularly men and young people. Furthermore 65% more are being referred to psychiatric hospitals for the first time. This obviously has an impact on the healthcare sector as a whole because the Government has had to up funding over the years to cope with the demand for care services. This is in turn puts pressure on the many NHS funded hospitals and psychiatric units to keep up standards and not go over their budgets. This is reflected in the way the ward manager runs the unit and may give reason to as to why she refused the recreational activity chosen by the service users because of factors such as the funding to buy equipment, the time and effort in doing the risk assessments for each and every patient who takes part and also the allocation of staff. Care vs control is also a major issue as I found it hard to interview some patients because of the medication that they had received which made them drowsy and rarely alert. The nursing staff may sometimes give medication to the patients before the allocated time so that they dont act up or when they are being aggressive than usual. Healthcare workers need to take into account that it may be possible for the service user may be upset about something and may be lashing out just as normal people do. Conclusion There are a number of factors which work together to strengthen the case for giving greater priority to evaluation in the planning and delivery of services for people with mental health problems. .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .postImageUrl , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:hover , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:visited , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:active { border:0!important; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:active , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Taoism, Confucianism And Buddhism EssayThe inclusion of users perspectives in the evaluation of mental health is increasingly seen as a way of giving a marginalized group more of a voice( White and McCollam,1999). However this is much easier in theory than it is in practice. Many psychiatric patients continue to need long-term care in institutions in the public and private sector, despite the development of community facilities. Long-stay psychiatric institutions vary in size, level of security, facilities and type of care provided. Patients are usually regarded as long-stay if they are in an institution for more than a year. Inevitably, many long-stay in-patients experience limitations to their freedom, personal choice and activity, usually compounded by a low income and relative isolation from the community. References Bryman A. (2001). Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chadda, D. (2000) Discrimination rife against mental health patients. British Medical Journal, 320,1163 Cornwell, J 1984. Hard -earned lives:Accounts of health and illness from East London. London:Tavistock Gibson , C, 1998, Journal of Psychiatric ; Mental Health Nursing,5,(6), pp. 469-477 Hillsdon, M. , Thorogood, M. ; Foster, C. (1999) A systematic review of strategies to promote physical activity. In Benefits and Hazards of Exercise (ed. D. MacAuley), pp. 25-26. London: BMJ Publications http://www. indymedia. org. uk/en/2006/10/352537. html http://www. statistics. gov. uk/downloads/theme_health/PMA-AdultFollowup. pdf. Jamison, K. R. 1996. An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness. New York: Vintage Books McIver, S (1991). Obtaining the views of users of Mental Health Services. London. Kings fund centre. Meltzer, H. , Gill, B. , Petticrew, M. , et al (1996) Economic Activity and Social Functioning of Residents with Psychiatric Disorders (OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain, Report 6). London: HMSO National Service Frameworks for Mental Health, Modern Standards and Service Models (1999) Peat, J., Mellis, C. , Williams, K. and Xuan W. (2002), Health Science Research: A Handbook of Quantitative Methods, London: Sage Rubin, H. J. , Rubin, I. S. 2005, Analyzing Coded Data. In Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data, second edition, pp. 224-245. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Souminen T and Leino-Kilpi H (1997) Research in intensive care nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing 6, 69-76. Tilbury, D. (2002) Working with Mental Illness: A community-based approach, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan. UKCC, Guidelines to Mental Health and Learning Disabilities Nursing, 1998 White, J and McCollam . A, 1999. Evaluation of Social work services for people with Mental health problems. In Mental health and Social work, pp. 190-215. Jessica Kingsley.

Socialization of Drugs

Socialization of Drugs Free Online Research Papers Substance abuse in America has become an overwhelming problem considering the numbers of people who use today compared to fifty years ago. Today, drugs are used commonly by the rich and successful, the disadvantaged, middle class and a majority of the student body. America has become a drug culture, the marketplace of an international flow of drugs on an unprecedented scale. (Long, 1986) One of the main foundations of this social problem is the intense availability of drugs in neighborhoods where crime is prevalent. This whole issue can be regarded and defined through the conflict perspective and the basic conflict approach can be utilized as a tool to dissect the problem even further. There are many reasons why drug/substance abuse can be defined as a social problem. Kornblum and Julian developed three criterions for a condition to be considered â€Å"a social problem†. The first criterion is that the condition must be defined as a problem. If any American on the side of the street is asked if he or she thinks that substance abuse is a problem, the majority of them will answer, yes. Therefore, because majority believes it is a problem, then it fits the first criterion. The second criterion for defining it as a social problem is that it must affect everyone. â€Å"Agree that although this condition affects a segment of the population directly and/or disproportionately, it also affects the society as a whole or is ‘caused’ by something beyond the individual’s control.† (Sayegh, 2001) This rule can be applied to substance abuse because it affects all areas of class and society. The final criterion is to propose a solution. S ociety has done this through developing â€Å"say no to drugs† programs, rehab services, psycho/addiction therapy, offered many lectures, etc. to help keep people young and old off drugs. Now that substance abuse has been recognized as a social problem it can further be explained and categorized though the conflict perspective. The conflict perspective was developed by Karl Marx as a reaction to industrialization and capitalism. Although it is perceived as a radical perspective it is still efficient when dealing with substance abuse. In many ways, drug abuse can be attributed to the access of wealth and power, depending on the type of drug. Many statues of inequality, such as class, race ethnicity, gender, age, physical/mental capabilities, and sexual orientation, cause clashes in values and interests between different groups in society. Some of these groups are religious groups, political groups, men/women, and homosexual/heterosexual. Drug abuse affects all of these groups, both dominant and subordinate. (Sayegh 2001) This approach can also best be expressed through statistics. An estimated 14.8 million Americans were current users of illicit drugs in 1999, meaning they used an illicit drug at least once during the 30 days prior to the interview. 10.9% of youths age 12-17 reported current use of illicit drugs in 1999. The difference in gender is of those youths was 11.3%-male and 10.5%-female. For ethnic groups, the rates for illicit drug use were 3.2% for Asians, 6.6% for whites, 6.8% for Hispanics, 7.7% for African Americans, 10.6% for American Indian/Alaska Natives, and persons who claimed mixed race was 11.2%. The total percentages for large metropolitan, small metropolitan, non-metropolitan and rural were 7.1, 7.0, 5.2, and 4.2 respectively. Almost a 3% increase in users is found when going from rural to urban areas. (www.samhsa.gov/oas/NHSDA/1999/Highlights.htm) Although these statistics were for illicit drug users, it still expresses a lot in the way of drug abuse being a social problem. In some instances it even presents a conflict within itself. Some of the social inequalities are portrayed through these statistics. One is a clash between male and female. It is often true that men are more likely to be drug users than women. As time progresses this becomes less and less true. However, currently there are more males using than there are females statistically. (McDonald, 1994) In the instance of age, there are more youths becoming users at even earlier ages. This can be attributed to the pressures put on young children at an early age to do well and succeed, as well as pressures from peers. This can be found mainly in large metropolitan areas where classes are mixed in schools. It is obvious that the Bourgeoisie-the ‘Haves’ and the Proletariat-the ‘Have Nots’ are affected for several reasons. Considering the racial statistics, it is apparent that the most discriminated groups have the highest abuse rates as well as lower incomes. One exception to this is the Asian statistics. This, however, can be attributed to deeply rooted traditions from the societies they come from. Many cultures believe that drug addiction is a fault found in a person’s psyche and thus they are considered unclean. This is mostly due to the belief that addiction is a choice. â€Å"Absolutely crucial to disease-model thinking is the theory that when addicts are taking their drug, they have ‘lost control’. They supposedly cannot help themselves; they have no option but to go on taking the drug. It’s easy to see that this theory is indispensable to the disease model. Without this loss of control, how could anyone claim that the decision to take or not to take some drug was not a genuine choice? ‘Loss of control’ has been repeatedly sought by researchers and has never been found. All the evidence we have supports the view that drug addicts are conscious-yes, even calculating –responsible persons, in full command of their behavior.† (Shaler pg. 21) Alcoholics control their drinking, marijuana smokers control their smoking , cocaine users control their cocaine consumption, heroin addicts control their use of heroin, etc. (Schaler, 2000) Although what Schaler says is all found to be true to a degree, he isn’t writing from a social science perspective. Users do control the intake of their drug of choice, however who is chosen and who is not is more up to society with some psychological influence. The psychological influence, however, has been directly affected by society as mentioned before with inequalities of status. On a meso-level there is a system that has developed an ideology that drug addiction is a choice and that it is wrong which is the judicial system. They have developed a set of norms and values for society to follow with laws. Because they carry out the law and have their hands full of substance abusers, they are reliable sources for statistics on drug abuse related crimes. Every year they publish a Uniform Crime Report, otherwise known as the crime index. It is an â€Å"official† statistic report for crimes including murder, manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In this particular report the statistics for Drug Abuse violation arrests is recorded. Drug abuse violations are defined as State or local offenses relating to the unlawful possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing, and making of narcotic drugs including opium or cocaine and their derivatives, marijuana, synthetic narcotics, and dangerous nonnarcotic drugs such as barbiturates. (ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/briefing/basedrug.htm). There have been many different attempts at ending drug abuse related crimes by having a â€Å"war on drugs† and â€Å"locking all of them up†. Some problems with these solutions are that people find them intrusive into their personal lives and the cost of funding the war on drugs is about fifteen billion dollars a year. Some other arguments that go against the war on drugs are: â€Å"Because criminalization makes drugs expensive, addicts are forced to commit crimes to continue their habits† and â€Å"Because drug trade is illegal, highly profitable [it causes] turf wars and or disputes between drug dealers [which causes] increased violence.† (Sayegh, 2001) The trend in drug arrests among adults and juveniles has increased dramatically over the last 30 years as well. In 1970, 100,000 juveniles and 350,000 adults were arrested on drug related charges. In 1999, 1,350,000 adults and 250,000 juveniles were arrested on drug related charges. (ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/drug.htm) Perhaps these numbers have increased due to population growth, and perhaps they could be reduced with better drug education programs. To widely educate the risks and facts about drug abuse, the community must make an effort to come together and help those in need. These people must be students- in grades K-12; educators- teachers, school administrators, other members of school staff; and adult members- of the community, parents and friends of school children. After all of these groups make an effort to come together, and then the environment they create is a solution-oriented and safe one. (Bedworth, 1973) This helps all of the groups come to better understandings of the needs young people have when faced with uncomfortable situations. It also opens up communication pathways and allows the groups to trust one another. There are programs in every community that do this, such as Big Brothers and Big Sisters, United Way, and even some psychological hospitals offer one-on-one free counseling. Another way the community has tried to help young people is by putting up the â€Å"safe place† signs on their win dows. If a community comes together to help itself, then there eventually could be a drop in substance abusers. Throughout history, drugs have been used to medicate physical and emotional ailments. However, when the user becomes dependent, more serious problems develop. This is not just an individual problem, but also a social problem. (Brandeis University, 1993) It is an issue everyone faces because it is seen everywhere and affects every class, race, creed, sexual orientation and gender. Not only does it affect these groups, but creates larger problems in society, such as violence, illegal drug trafficking, and smuggling. All of these examples, society pays for, whether with tax dollars or with personal sacrifice. Perhaps through better drug education and a better understanding of the relationships individuals hold in society could it one day become utopian. â€Å"Clearly the concept of pure justice produces an infinite regress†¦We are all the descendants of thieves, and the world’s resources are inequitably distributed, but we must begin the journey to tomorrow from the point where we are today.† (Garrett Hardin) However, while there are many authors supporting the view that substance abuse is more sociological, there are others who may see it as nothing more than a criminal act. â€Å"The use of illegal drugs in America is viewed as a criminal behavior rather than a social problem† (Staton 148). The declaration of the war on drugs in the early eighties further emphasized the idea of users being criminals when in fact, users are no more criminals than the authority over them. A common definition of a criminal act is one that harms society, an action done deliberately for whatever motive that causes another person harm. Albeit, the statistical increase of drug related violent crime cannot be refuted, it can be directly correlated to the mishandling of drug users. We see a drug offender as a person who is a societal burden and even an outcast but the problem is much more complex than that. Our methods of handling a drug user have long been focused on incarceration followed by relea se with or without parole. Clearly an outcast and possibly a burden on society, but where did he choose this fate? To incarcerate a person who clearly needs rehabilitation creates a criminalized social deviant. The chance we have given the convicted drug offender to lead a successful life is non-existent. â€Å"Drug users must be looked at in a continuum, a progressive behavior that quickly escalates into a lifestyle that is not socially acceptable in our society. The road to disaster is paved with the first high, thats not in dispute. The teenager who smokes marijuana cigarette has done no more harm to society than a person J-walking across an empty highway† (Staton 149). Problems arise when the occasional joint turns into cocaine addiction and eventually, violence or crime. The good thing about our society is that that can be prevented quite simply. We have the most advanced law enforcement system in the world and also one of the best communication networks as well. It is very unlikely that our teenager who experimented with pot will see the sunrise before he is bombarded with media information and advertising. And, if he does not heed the advice of the wise, it is even more unlikely that in his predicted continued use of marijuana he will have a run in with the law bef ore he becomes that cocaine addict that mugged an elderly woman. This is where we fail. Lets assume that our teenage boy is a white, middle class freshman in college. He is picked up for possession of marijuana and given a court date. Our justice system will spend several hundred dollars prosecuting this delinquent child. He will acquire a criminal record and possibly be placed on a restricted lifestyle of some sort. Here we can see that he has not been treated, he has not been helped and in fact, our justice system has taken the first step in creating a social burden. With this standard method of adjudication, considering that a minimal after care program was completed (random drug testing), there is a sixty-two percent chance he will be in front of a judge in less than three years. Lets follow this particular teenager throughout his life. He may choose to use marijuana, drink alcohol and become the stereotypical college student. Depending on his personality, he may go on to try harder drugs, drugs that carry a much heavier penalty. Suppose his grades are slipping and he loses his girlfriend, he decides to use heroin and likes it. He is soon addicted, worsening his depression, and deals a little for some cash to buy more and an undercover officer arrests him. Again, our justice system comes so close to helping this guy out. The state spends a good deal of money on operations to seize drug dealers and they are surprisingly successful. Our boy will now go to jail. The federal government spends approximately six million dollars every year on federal inmates. The state spends about eleven million on its inmates, of whom forty percent are drug offenders. The boy is now kicked out of his college and will spend an average of nineteen months in a state prison. Here he will receive the benefits of a mere two million dollars allocated to rehabilitation and education resources available to him. He has a forty percent chance of not using marijuana while incarcerated and only a ten percent chance of being tested f or it. The main source of education becomes the inmates and a heavily used law library. The state prison has successfully educated a young, impressionable inmate how to fight, cheat, and swindle his way through our legal system and further, society itself. After nineteen months of jail the number of inmates charged with possession, has increased by almost eight percent over. In less than a decade the prison population of inmates charged with a drug offense has increased from seven hundred thousand to over one million. Despite the increases in the budget of over the last decade and a half from a little over one million dollars to 15 million per year, we have accomplished nothing. The man is released and goes out into our great land of opportunity. His parole officer advises him to stay clean and there is nothing more in the world that man wants to do than to stay off drugs. After being in a jail for a year and a half he is ready to start his life over. He suddenly realizes that he has no money, no job and no credit. We, as a society, have been influenced into thinking that a convicted drug offender with psychological problems is as bad as a violent offender. In a way, once released from a prison he is no better off. A man who may have beat his depression in jail on his own has now hit rock bottom. He now realizes that steady job is out of the question, friends are hard to come by and he has no place better to sleep than in a half-way house. His chances of receiving counseling in jail were only twelve percent and now its virtually impossible. He now has a seventy percent chance of staying clean for more than a year. For the twenty-five thousand dollars per year that we spent on his prison term, he was given nothing, spoke to no professionals in addiction and ironically becomes a new statistic. According to Kaminer, The poverty line in America is an income around sixteen thousand dollars a year. Our tax dollars pay twenty five thousand per year per inmate and he now has an income, if any, of about twelve. What has our prison system done for him? What has it done for society? With our increased spending and decreased rehabilitation efforts it seems as though we are moving backward. A drug user is not a criminal in the sense that our society deems him to be. We need to further explore our options for dealing with this social behavior to curb it before it escalates beyond our grasp. It is the politicians of this era that are hurting our society the worst, with their fears of not being re-elected outweighing their fears of a growing criminalized drug offender population. Bedworth, Albert E and D’Elia, Joseph A. 1973. Basics of Drug Education, Farminghale, NY: Baywood Publishing Company. Bureau of Justice Statistics Drug Arrests by Age. ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/drug.htm Drug Abuse Violation Arrests Data Sources. ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/briefing/basedrug.htm Garrett Hardin. lrainc.com/swtaboo/stalkers/hardin.html Highlights. samhsa.gov/oas/NHSDA/1999/Highlights.htm Institute For Health Policy, Brandeis University. 1993. Substance Abuse: The Nation’s Number One Health Problem, Key Indicators For Policy, Princeton, NJ: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Kaminer, Y. (1994). Adolescent substance abuse: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice. New York: Plenum. Long, Robert Emmet. 1986. Drugs and American Society, New York, NY: The H.W. Wilson Company. McDonald, Maryon. 1994. Gender, Drink and Drugs, Oxford, UK: Short Run Press. Sayegh, Aaron. 2001. â€Å"Measurements of Crime†. Sayegh, Aaron. 2001. â€Å"Sociological Buzzwords, Social Problems†. Schaler, Jeffrey A. Ph.D. 2000. Addiction Is a Choice, Peru, IL: Carus Publishing Company. Staton, M., Leukefeld, C., Logan, T. K., Zimmerman, R., Lynam, D., Milich, R., Martin, C., McClanahan, K., Clayton, R. (1999). Risky sex behavior and substance use among young adults. Health and Social Work, 24(2), 147-154. Research Papers on Socialization of DrugsThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

Arrest of Mr Ballew for Conferring a Misdeed for Demonstrating a Assignment

Arrest of Mr Ballew for Conferring a Misdeed for Demonstrating a Profane Movement Film - Assignment Example Mr Ballew contended either that the two tallies he was being indicted for added up to double jeopardy/ twofold risk or the seizing of the movies were illicit and illegitimate. On the other hand, the court dismissed these conflicts subsequently denying him certiorari, building its contention in light of the instance of McIntyre v. State in which the defendants were denied certiorari (Ballew v. Georgia, 1978). â€Å"Because of the fundamental importance of the jury trial to the American system of criminal justice, any further reduction [of the number of members on a jury below six] that promotes inaccurate & possibly biased decision-making, that causes untoward differences in verdicts, & that prevents juries from truly representing their communities, attains constitutional significance† (Ballew v. Georgia, 1978). In delivering its ruling, the Court of Supreme decided that a five-person jury does not meet the sacred edge or constitutional requirements as provided by the Sixth Ame ndment of the United States’ constitution that applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. For this reason, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to the accused but consequently giving a disclaimer that it wouldn’t achieve alternate issues. Case in point, as he would like to think, which agreed to other Justices sentiments, Justice Blackmun expressed that a criminal trial presided over by a less than six-person jury considerably undermined the certifications of the Sixth & Fourteenth Amendments and subsequently, the condition of Georgia has no persuasive contention, notwithstanding, the advocacy and claim for inefficient budgetary allocation and time to defend the decision of decreasing a jury from six persons to five (Ballew v. Georgia, 1978). Thus, from their assessments before conveying the judgment all the judges including Blackmun, J., Marshall, J., Stevens, J., White, J., Burger, C.J., Rehnquist, J., Brennan, J., Stewart and Powell, J.,   agreed that that the instance of Ballew v. Georgia issue of whether a criminal trial by a state, which constrained a jury to five denied the charged individual a right enshrined in the constitution and provided to him/her by the Sixth & Fourteenth Amendments disregarded such secured rights (Ballew v. Georgia, 1978).

BUY LOCAL FROM NB INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FIRMS Research Paper

BUY LOCAL FROM NB INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FIRMS - Research Paper Example In this regard, there are certain potential problems that are likely to be faced by the New Brunswick (NB) firms in their internal and external business environment context. The internal risks that could be faced by the NB organizations are generally non-marketable attributes namely brand, visibility, credibility as well as cost related constraints (Kramer, Jenkins & Katz, 2007). Problems in Internal Environment The potential internal constraints for the NB firms can be identified to be ingrained within the facet of non-marketable variables which can considerable affect to efficiently derive the potential benefits of ICTs. Moreover, the risks associated with internal environment of the NB firms can also create significant challenges for them in terms of building their long-term sustainability in the fiercely growing global IT industry. In accordance with the non-marketable risks in the SCM processes, certain potential problems can raise due to the integration of ICTs within the diffe rent operational activities. ... The integration of ICTs within the supply chain process provides adequate support to an organization to efficiently perform its range of supply chain functions. However, the functions of ICTs within the supply chain often been observed to involve issues related with its visibility. The integration of ICTs within the supply chain process tends to provide adequate flexibility to the organization along with offering them enhanced visibility amid the large NB purchasing organizations. In addition, the local NB IT firms face a major challenge due to the lack of visibility. This is because they generally use quite a less amount of marketing and promotional activities. This factor reduces their chances to have a prominent place as a prospective Business-to-Business player in the minds of large local NB purchasing organizations (Booz Allen Hamilton Inc, 2012). 2. Brand: The brand value of the NB IT firms can also be regarded as one of the major constraints which can occur due to the extensiv e practice of ICTs within different supply chain activities by the firms. An effective and strong brand position can provide adequate support to the organizations to effectively obtain significant benefits of the ICTs especially in the supply chain operations. However, the notion of brand or brand valuation can also be a major concerning factor of an organization which can further lead to significant issues. Owing to the stated concern, the integration of ICTs in the supply chain ensures to reduce the usage of different organizational resources and it also provides benefits to minimize the potential costs in the SCM operations. In relation to local NB IT firms, they generally do not use branding or product positioning as a major marketing tool. Therefore, a lack of brand identity tends to

Django Unchained (2012) Film Analysis Postmodernism

Django Unchained (2012) Film Analysis Postmodernism Django Unchained (Tarantino, 2012) set in Texas in 1858, deals with a variety of issues such as race, slavery, revenge and violence. The film sparked controversy worldwide and amongst critics. Filmmaker Spike Lee talks about the film during an interview with Vibe magazine: All Im going to say is that its disrespectful to my ancestors. Thats just me. Im not speaking on behalf of anybody else (2012). Tarantino argues that although the film is indeed graphic and brutal, it does not compare to the real-life discoveries and findings from the research into this topic. The film sugar coats the violent happenings, as it leaves out factual gory details: We all intellectually know the brutality and inhumanity of slavery, but after you do the research its no longer intellectual any more, no longer just historical record you feel it in your bones. It makes you angry, and want to do something Im here to tell you, that however bad things get in the movie, a lot worse shit happened (Child, 2013). Django Unchained is a gruesome depiction of what life as a slave was like during 1858 pre-civil war Texas, as well as a glimpse of existence outside the slave industry such as in Dr. King Schultzs (Christoph Waltz) case or the wealthy Calvin Candie (Leonardo DiCaprio). It is a highly entertaining film which simultaneously disturbs and thrills, while also incorporating a healthy dose of humour throughout. The purpose of textual analysis is simply to critically analyse a piece of cinema. As a research method, it can be used to deconstruct the aim or overall meaning of the film. Focusing on elements such as narrative structure, exposition, narrative voice and editing is important when using textual analysis. Mise-en-scene, setting, colour, tone, costume, props and lighting all play important roles in the examination process. A textual analysis approach allows the text to be thoroughly studied, for example, looking for patterns/relationships, finding the key/central themes and symbolic significance, as well as the ways in which the audience engage with the text, for instance, if an audience feel sympathy or pleasure towards a certain part of the film. Monaco discusses the importance of visuals, describing that it is useful, even vital, to learn to read images well so that the observer can seize some of the power of the medium (2000, p.159). I intend to examine the ways in which Django Unchained can be viewed as a postmodern text. Postmodernism is a critique of modernism, the idea that there is no set genre or structure; no absolute truth: Post-Modernism is fundamentally the eclectic mixture of any tradition with that of its immediate past: it is both the continuation of Modernism and its transcendence (Jenks,1996). Jean Baudrillard talks about simulation, simulacra and hyperreality. Baudrillard argues that the audience live in an artificial world, drawn in by images and media; this is not reality and leads to hyperreality: Images are no longer the mirror of reality, they have invested the heart of reality and transformed it into hyperreality, where from screen to screen, the only aim of the image is the image. The image can no longer imagine the real because it is the real; it can no longer transcend reality, transfigure it or dream it, since images are virtual reality. In virtual reality, it is as if things had swallowed their mirror (Zurbrugg, 1997, p.12). Disneyland is an example of this as the fine line between reality and fantasy is unclear. Postmodern cinema contains a variety of features such as intertextuality, non-linear narratives, referentiality and pastiche. Frederic Jameson talks about the importance of pastiche in postmodern films: Pastiche is, like parody, the imitation of a peculiar or unique, idiosyncratic style, the wearing of a linguistic mask, speech in a dead language. But it is a neutral practice of such mimicry, without any of parodys ulterior motives, amputated of the satiric impulse, devoid of laughter (Jameson, 1991). Django Unchained demonstrates features of postmodern theory and this is often the case with Tarantinos work, as described by Rehling: Tarantino is generally considered the postmodern filmmaker par excellence due to his penchant for intertextual allusions (2010, p.203). The film follows the story of a bounty hunter (previously employed as dentist) Dr. King Schultz, who is searching for a trio of men named The Brittle Brothers. Schultz understands that Django (Jamie Foxx) is familiar with the brothers as he was once a slave to them, and realizes he must free Django for him to assist Schultz on the journey. Schultz mentors Django, and offers to pay him for his services while helping Django to live as a free man. The pair begin finding and killing various wanted men. Django explains he wishes to rescue his wife Broomhilda Von Shaft (Kerry Washington), and is determined to find her. Schultz agrees to help Django on his mission to release Broomhilda, who they later discover is a slave of Calvin Candie at his plantation CandieLand. The two men begin their journey to CandieLand and adopt a strategy in the hope to free Djangos wife. The film has been described as a spaghetti western due to the amount of violence involved as well as a Blaxploitation film. The main hero of the film is Django, a black character, and this contrasts with other 19th century Western movies where the central hero is often white, such as John Waynes character in The Searchers. It is also uncommon for a German character to be shown as the hero in this film genre. Djangos main goal is to locate and save Broomhilda from the slave trade. Although the film is violent in nature, comic relief is used throughout, for example, when Broomhilda faints at the sight of Django after he says Hey little troublemaker, to which Schultz replies you silver tongued devil, you. Pastiche is apparent when the Klansmen are preparing for a raid. The men bicker over the quality of the masks provided for them and this allows the spectator to laugh or poke fun at the characters. Humour is used as a tool to help the audience cope with gory imagery and the overall neg ative themes. Hyperreality is evident in Django Unchained as the film mimics a fictional world. Schultz tells Django about the famous German myth concerning a princess named Broomhilda who is held in captivity by a fierce dragon, until she is finally saved by her hero. This relates to Djangos main objective to free his wife and adds to the fairy-tale notion. Calvin Candies estate is referred to as CandieLand which has rather positive connotations however the harsh reality is that CandieLand is where Broomhilda and other slaves are kept as prisoners. Another aspect of postmodernity within Django is the intertextuality used, such as the reference to other films. The 1966 film Django is referenced firstly with the films title and actor Franco Nero (1966 Django) plays a cameo role. During Django and Schultzs time within the Candie mansion, Nero asks Django how he spells his name. Django replies that the letter d is silent, to which Nero replies, I know. It then becomes evident why Neros character is i mportant and his presence may spark curiosity in the viewer. In addition, Broomhilda Von Shaft is a reference to the Blaxploitation film Shaft. The soundtrack within the film is somewhat mismatched, combining a variety of different genres, and this seems unusual due to the historical period when Django is set. Costume design stands out greatly, especially during the scene were Schultz encourages Django to pick his own clothes. His first freedom outfit is extravagant and the blue suit imitates to the famous painting The Blue Boy (Gainsborough, 1770). This mimicking effect encourages a postmodern feel, and the notion of bricolage or that nothing is infinite; everything in existence is a copy of itself. Gender in cinema is significant and Django Unchained represents gender in different ways. Laura Mulvey (1975) talks about the male gaze: The determining male gaze projects its phantasy on to the female figure which is styled accordingly. In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness (Mulvey, 1975, p.62). Mulveys theory can be applied to Django Unchained as the female characters do not have demanding roles or are depicted as damsels in distress. Mulvey talks about woman as image, man as bearer of the look (1975, p.62) implying the notion that female characters are admired by a male audience solely down to their physical appearance. The male characters keep the film moving forward as Django and Schultz lead the story, while supporting males are crucial to the plot such as Calvin Candie and Stephen (Samuel L. Jackson). The viewer may appreciate the visuals provided by the female however can relate more to the male characters: Voyeuristic visual pleasure is produced by looking at another (character, figure, situation) as our object, whereas narcissistic visual pleasure can be derived from identification with the (figure in the) image (Smelik, 2001, p.9). Throughout Django, the female image is displayed in soft lighting, encouraging a sense of beauty and romanticism. During these moments, for example, the hallucinations Django has of Broomhilda, the viewer appreciates the imagery and momentarily shifts away from the narrative, as the female characters appearance tends to work against the development of a story line, to freeze the flow of action in moments of erotic contemplation (Mulvey, 1975, p.62). Although Broomhilda is incredibly important to Django, her character alone is not of importance. We witness Broomhilda being whipped and beaten however it seems we are not so concerned about her wellbeing but more so the way in which this affects Djangos actions. There is an underlying notion that the women in the film are the property of the male characters (Broomhilda belongs to Django, Lara Lee (Laura Cayouette) belongs to Calvin Candie, etc.). The female characters have little dialogue compared to the male characters, implying the idea that they should be seen and not heard. It can however be argued that Broomhilda is strong and independent, due to the fact she has endured endless torture and suffering since Django has been apart from her. In addition, she has attempted to escape CandieLand without the help of Django. Mulvey describes female objectification: Woman displayed as sexual object is the leit-motif of erotic spectacle: from pin-ups to strip-tease, from Ziegfeld to Busby Berkeley, she holds the look, plays to and signifies male desire (1975, p.62). At CandieLand, Schultz asks for alone time with Broomhilda due the fact she is fluent in German. Django had predicted earlier that she was being used as a comfort girl (a slave for sex). There is the suggestion that Schultz is expecting a sexual encounter with Broomhilda and this view is held by everyone at CandieLand aside from Django. It becomes apparent that the women are sexual objects for men and this should not be questioned but rather expected. Schultz realises that if he does not pretend this is indeed his intention with Broomhilda, there may be suspicions about him and Djangos presence. We see Broomhilda being removed from the hot box, as she is naked and continues to scream. This contrasts with the next time Broomhilda is seen; she has been dressed up to appear beautiful and presentable for Schultz emphasising the idea that her purpose is only to be looked at and her performance from earlier is unacceptable. Lara Lee is shown in a similar way, as she often appears doll-lik e and attractive, wearing elaborate dresses. She acts elegant and polite around the male characters, as though to impress them. Laura Lees behaviour relates to the idea of fetishism and the notion of these women being hyper-polished: Fetishizing the woman deflects attention from female lack and changes her from a dangerous figure into a reassuring object of flawless beauty (Smelik, 2001, p.11). Sadism is introduced in the film; this is the belief that the woman should be punished or forced to seek forgiveness within the narrative. An example of this is during the scene when Broomhilda is asked to undress and reveal her scars to the group of men in the room. Candie is determined to remind Broomhilda of her place at CandieLand, ensuring she and those in the room understand that Broomhilda belongs to him. He has branded her physically with these scars, and she has evidently been punished through such torture. She is also continuously being punished through the fact she must show herself to these men. Once Djangos identity is discovered, he wakes up to realise he has been tied upside down. A man enters, explaining he is to be castrated using a hot knife. This scene stands out as the man reveals he has received these orders from Lara Lee. This highlights male fears around the female presence; the woman is viewed as a danger or threat as well as male anxiety regarding castration. Classic cinema solves the threat of castration in one of two ways: in the narrative structure or through fetishism (Cook Bernink, 1999, p.354). The black male characters are objectified in Django Unchained, for example, during the Mandingo fighting scene. Candie demands these black slaves to fight one another, for his own pleasure. The men are dressed with little clothing and like the females, do not have any dialogue in the film nor are they given names. They are simply there to be looked at; for Candie to witness them fighting. The men often grunt throughout, implying the notion that they are animals or beasts used only to fight, as though they are being trained like dogs, which also dehumanizes them. The audience observe the fight from Candies objectifying point of view with minimal flashes of Django or Schultzs reactions, to restore the understanding of how cruel this act is. Within Candies dining room, a marble statue of two naked men fighting can be seen. Once Schultz meets Broomhilda and explains the escape plan to her, Django appears at the door however he is filmed in a seductive manner. The camera begins at Djangos feet and slowly moves upwards, scanning over his entire body. This allows the viewer to look at Django and examine him closely before dialogue is heard, and technique is unusual as it would normally be used for a female character: There is, in other words, a specific and even ritualized form of male objectification and eroticization in Hollywood cinema (Weems et al., 2010, p.83). There may be a somewhat homoerotic relationship between Candie and his loyal and oldest house slave Stephen. Stephen always supports Candie and appears desperate to please him or win his respect. Stephen is not afraid to disagree or argue with Candie, which is evident when Django arrives and Stephen is appalled that he has the same rights as a white man. Candie states that he grew up in a house full of niggers, which portrays that Stephen has perhaps raised Calvin and a further reason behind their closeness. Within CandieLand, Stephen has not suffered or been tortured in the same way other slaves have, and thus sees Django as a threat to his position. It can be argued that Stephen may be suffering from Stockholm Syndrome or has simply become brainwashed as his life at CandieLand is all he has ever known. To conclude, Django Unchained is a well written film which deals with an array of issues throughout. The film is evidently postmodern in nature, as it presents aspects of postmodern theory such as intertextuality. It can be argued that Mulveys argument relating to the male gaze is apparent due to the representation of female characters in Django, and the way in which they differ from the male characters, for example, having little dialogue or action/purpose within the films narrative. Male objectification however also manifests itself in Django, and thus the sexualisation of both genders is noticeable. References Bealer, T. (2013) Did Quentin Tarantinos Feminism Take a Step Backwards in Django Unchained? [Online] Available: http://www.genderfocus.com/2013/01/07/did-quentin-tarantinos-feminism-take-a-step-backwards-in-django-unchained/ [Accessed: 9 March 2017]. Child, B. (2012) Django Unchained Wins Over Black Audience Despite Spike Lee Criticism. The Guardian. 3 January. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jan/03/django-unchained-spike-lee [Accessed: 8 March 2017]. Cook, P. and Bernink, M. (1999) The Cinema Book. 1st ed. London: British Film Institute. Doyle, H. (2010) Gender, Sadism, and Masochism in the Works of Wilkie Collins. [Online] Available: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol6/iss1/34 [Accessed: 7 March 2017]. Gainsborough, T. (1770) The Blue Boy. [Oil on Canvas 178 x 112cm] Henry E. Huntington Art Gallery, San Marino. Haastrup, H. (2014) Storytelling Intertextuality. Film International. Vol.12(1), pp.85-97. Jameson, F. (1991) Postmodernism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. 1st ed. Durham: Duke University Press. Jencks, C. (1996) What Is Post-modernism? 4th ed. Michigan: Academy Editions. Monaco, J. (2000) How to Read A Film. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Mulvey, L. (1975) Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Screen. [Online] Vol.16(3), p.62. Available: https://www.asu.edu/courses/fms504/total-readings/mulvey-visualpleasure.pdf [Accessed: 9 March 2017]. Rehling, N. (2010) Extra-Ordinary Men. 1st ed. Lanham: Lexington Books. Smelik, P. (2001) And the Mirror Cracked. 1st ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Tarantino, Q. (dir.) (2012) Django Unchained. [DVD] The Weinstein Company. 166 mins Weems, C., Berger, M., Wallis, B. and Watson, S. (2010) Constructing Masculinity. 1st ed. New York: Routledge, p.83. Zurbrugg, N. (1997) Jean Baudrillard, Art and Artefact. 1st ed. London: Sage.