Springfield

Springfield Springfield. 1 City (1990 pop. 105,227), state capital and seat of Sangamon co., central Ill., on the Sangamon River; settled 1818, inc. as a city 1840. In a rich agricultural region (sorghum, corn, cattle, and dairying), it is a wholesale trade, retail, and distribution center. Its varied industries produce consumer goods, flour, transportation equipment, parking meters, building materials, machinery, and electrical and electronic products. There is also book publishing. Oil and natural-gas fields lie to the south. The city is the seat of Springfield College in Illinois, Benedictine University, and the Univ. of Illinois at Springfield. Nearby are New Salem Historic Site, Camp Butler National Cemetery, and Lake Springfield. Abraham Lincoln, who was instrumental in having Springfield made the state capital in 1839, lived and practiced law there from 1837 to 1861. He is buried nearby, with his wife and three of their children, in a tomb and monument designed by L. G. Mead and dedic ated in 1874. Lincoln's home is preserved as a national historic site. Other places of interest include the capitol (1867â€"87), built in the style of Renaissance architecture; the old capitol (1837), where Lincoln made his House Divided speech and which contains the state historical library; several Lincoln museums, including the Depot Museum, where Lincoln made his farewell address (1861), and that at the Lincoln presidential library; the governor's mansion (1853â€"57); the state art gallery; and the state fairgrounds. Vachel Lindsay was born in Springfield; his house is a museum. 2 Industrial city (1990 pop. 156,983), seat of Hampden co., SW Mass., on the Connecticut River; inc. 1641. A port of entry, the city has significant printing and publishing industries. Among its many manufactures are ordnance, chemicals, plastics, machinery, electrical equipment, paper and metallurgical goods, and clothing. The city is the seat of Springfield College, American International Colle ge, and Western New England College. Saint-Gaudens ' Puritan is in Merrick Park. Also in the city are Forest Park (which has a zoo), the Basketball Hall of Fame, and several additional museums. Springfield was settled (1636) by Puritans under William Pynchon , and was one of the scenes in Shays's Rebellion (1786â€"87) and a station on the Underground Railroad . The U.S. Armory, which operated there from 1794 to 1966, was famous for the development of the Springfield and Garand army rifles; it now contains an arms museum and is a national historic site (see National Parks and Monuments , table). Basketball was invented at what is now Springfield College in 1891 by James Naismith . The first American-made projection planetarium was designed and built (1937) by Frank Korkosz for the city's science museum, which also contains an aquarium. 3 City (1990 pop. 140,494), seat of Greene co., SW Mo., in a resort area of the Ozarks; inc. 1846. It is the industrial, trade, service , and shipping center of a rich agricultural area producing dairy goods, livestock, poultry, grains, and fruit. The city's manufactures include metal, wood, and paper products; motor vehicles and transportation equipment; foods; machinery; electronic goods; apparel; feeds; and artificial flowers. Springfield is the seat of Drury Univ., Southwest Missouri State Univ., Evangel Univ., Baptist Bible College, and Central Bible College. It is also the international headquarters of the Assemblies of God church. In the Civil War, Springfield was taken by Confederate forces after the battle (1861) of Wilson's Creek; nearby are the battlefield and a national cemetery. Wild Bill Hickok lived in the city. 4 City (1990 pop. 70,487), seat of Clark co., W central Ohio, on the Mad River; settled 1799, inc. as a city 1850. A manufacturing center in a rich farm area, it is especially known for its production of farm machinery and trucks. Other goods include are machinery, tools, and a variety of metal (iron and steel) products. The city grew with the building of the National Road (1838), the arrival of the railroads (mid-1800s), and the establishment of farm-machinery plants (late 1800s). Wittenberg Univ. is there, as is Frank Lloyd Wright's Westcott House. Nearby is George Rogers Clark Park. 5 City (1990 pop. 44,683), Lane co., W central Oregon, between the McKenzie and Willamette rivers; inc. 1885. Near the forested foothills of the Cascade Range, the city has important lumbering and forest-product industries. Berries, nuts, poultry, dairy products, nursery plants, smoked fish, and chemicals are also produced. The McKenzie River recreational area is nearby. 6 Uninc. town (1990 pop. 23,706), Fairfax co., NE Va., a suburb of Washington, D.C. Its manufactures include foods, paper and concrete products, transportation equipment, medical devices, machinery, computers, and furniture. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia Univer sity Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

What Are the Principal Parts of Latin Verbs

When you learn a new Latin verb you generally learn an abbreviated form of the following four principal parts: the present, active, indicative, first person, singular,the present active infinitive,the perfect, active, indicative, first person, singular, andthe past participle (or perfect passive participle), singular, masculine. Taking as an example the first conjugation verb amo (love), you will see in the dictionary something like: amo, -are, -avi, -atus. This is an abbreviated form of the four principal parts: amo, amare, amavi, amatus. The four principal parts correspond with English forms: I love (or I am loving) [present, active, first person, singular],To love [present active infinitive],I have loved (or I loved) [perfect, active, first person, singular],Loved [past participle]. In English, however, you usually just learn something referred to as the verb, as in love. That doesnt mean English lacks principal parts—just that we tend to ignore them and if we learn them, we dont have to learn four: The present active indicative first person singular of love is love,the simple past tense and the past participle loved. If you learn the verb is love or to love you know to add the -d for the past. This makes it seem onerous to have to learn four forms for each Latin verb; however, even in English we sometimes face a similar challenge. It all depends on whether were dealing with what is called a strong verb or a weak one. Having four principal parts not so different from English if you insert the infinitive (to the verb) in the list of principal parts, andlook at a strong verb like ring rather than a weak verb like love. A strong verb in English changes the vowel to change the tense. I — A — U in the following example: Ring is the present,To ring is the present infinitive,Rang is the past, andRung is the past participle. A weak verb (like love) doesnt change the vowel. Why Should You Notice the Four Principal Parts? The four principal parts of the Latin verb give you all the information you need to conjugate the verb. Not all first principal parts end in -o. Some are in the third person, not first.The infinitive tells you which conjugation it is in. Drop the -re to locate the present stem.The perfect form is often unpredictable, although usually you just drop the terminal -i to find the perfect stem. Deponent and semi-deponent verbs only have 3 principal parts: The perfect form doesnt end in -i. Conor, -ari, -atus sum is a deponent verb. The third principal part is the perfect.Some verbs cant be made passive, and some verbs have the active future participle in place of the past participle for the fourth principal part. Sources and Further Reading Moreland, Floyd L., and Fleischer, Rita M. Latin: An Intensive Course. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.Traupman, John C. The Bantam New College Latin English Dictionary. Third Edition. New York: Bantam Dell, 2007.

Scientific Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution refers to a time in history when developments in the sciences took off and changed the view of society regarding the earth and nature. Some of the relevant topics of this time were mathematics, astronomy, biology, physics and chemistry. Typically, the scientific revolution is considered the time in Europe starting around the end of the Renaissance period and lasting through the late 18th century. Between 1543 and 1700, Europe underwent many changes that forever changed the thoughts and beliefs of society as a result of the scientific revolution. During this time, the creation of many inventions came about and the studies of many people changed the culture of society. Evidence was no longer†¦show more content†¦Harvey is given credit for being the first to accurately describe the entire circuit, including arteries and veins, of where the blood starts in the circulation process and where it ends as a result of heart contractions. In the publication su bmitted by Copernicus, he established a model of the universe that depicted the Sun and not the Earth at the center of the universe. He described the Earth revolving around the sun which was in contrast to earlier thinking that suggested the sun revolved around the Earth (heliocentric theory). This revelation of thought started a change in the way the world was viewed. Maybe the Earth was not the center of everything and maybe there was more out there that could be learned in order to scientifically understand the world (Scientific revolution). Johannes Kepler followed in the footsteps of Copernicus. He too believed that the sun was the center of the universe. Kepler was a religious man and did not want to speak against his religious beliefs. He therefore took a different approach. He studied the heavens in order to better understand how God put the planets in motion around the sun. He is best known for his formulation of the Laws of planetary Motion. The Laws of planetary Motion consisted of three parts. The first part was the belief that the planets moved in elliptical orbits. The second part was the equal area law whichShow MoreRelatedThe Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1873 Words   |  8 Pageswas the most influential figure of the scientific revolution. The scientific revolution brought attention to many figures, Copernicus and Galileo, but Newton is the scientist with most influential changes that that have changed how we think. His research and discovery of gravitation formula led to the scientific method. While that was his most famous discovery, he also had many findings in the mathematical field. Newton changed the way we think and his discovery on gravity was monumental, but even todayRead MoreThe Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1444 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the Scientific Revolution began to take shape around the year 1550, the world of science was exceedingly narrow and thought to be known. The scientific views of the pre-scientific revolution stem back even further than the popular Aristotelian era of science. Hippocrates contributed greatly to the field of science, especially in the field of medicine. It was during his years of medical studies that Hippocrates theorized the â€Å"Four Temperaments†. This theory hypothesized that there are fourRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesparallels between ideas of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment This essay will explore parallels between the ideas of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment. The scientific revolution describes a time when great changes occurred in the way the universe was viewed, d through the advances of sciences during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The enlightenment refers to a movement that grew out of the new scientific ideas of the revolution that occurred in the late seventeenthRead MoreScience Revolutions and Inseases in Inventions Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesScience Revolutions and Inseases in Inventions Over the past millennium there have been several significant scientific revolutions that have led to an increase in the amount of inventions within that field of science. Yet some scientific revolutions have been restricted to a containment of research within the field and thus meant that no inventions have occurred. Specific reasons for the increase in research are basically because new inventions can help the needs ofRead MoreThe Contributions of Isaac Newton to The Scientific Revolution1064 Words   |  5 Pages The Scientific Revolution was a period when new scientific ideas where introduced into society. The Scientific Revolution laid down a foundation in which modern science is heavily based on. An influential figure of the Scientific Revolution is Sir Isaac Newton. He made many advancements in the field of science and mathematics, he discovered Gravity, developed the three basic laws of motion, and co-development of Calculus. Isaac Newton did several thing that positively affectedRead MoreEssay about Human Beings and Nature: The Scientific Revolution1689 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Beings and Nature: The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution, perhaps one of the most significant examples of human beingsà ­ relationship with the natural world, changed the way seventeenth and eighteenth century society operated. The power of human knowledge has enabled intellectual, economical, and social advances seen in the modern world. The Scientific Revolution which included the development of scientific attitudes and skepticism of old views on nature and humanityRead MoreThe Impact of the Scientific Revolution Upon the Enlightenment 975 Words   |  4 Pagesintellectual changes in Europe that had resulted from the scientific revolution during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The scientific revolution and the discoveries made about the natural world would ultimately challenge the way people perceived the world around them. Scientist found real answers, by questioning flawed ancient beliefs that were widely held and maintained by the church. Ultimately, these discoveries and scientific advanceme nts would evolve and effect social, cultural, andRead MoreScientific Revolution- Ap Euro Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesHow did the developments in scientific thought from Copernicus to Newton create a new conception of the universe and of humanity’s place within it? The Scientific Revolution was a time of scientific questioning in which tremendous discoveries were made about the Earth. It has been referred to as â€Å"the real origin both of the modern world and the modern mentality† (Mckay, 596) and caused the foremost change in the world-view. This revolution occurred for many reasons. Universities were establishedRead More The Impact of the Scientific Revolution Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of the Scientific Revolution Science began soon after the Birth of Civilization. Man had already learned to tame animals and grow plants. To shape materials like clay and metals to his purposes and even to heal his bodily ailments. We do not know why he did these things because his magic and reasoning are concealed. Only with the second millennium B.C have we learned that there were three elements in man’s attitude to nature, which impacted the growth of the scientific revolution: empiricalRead MoreThe Rationalization Of Global Warming1333 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent discussions within the scientific community and throughout its path towards acceptance scientist in agreeance with the model have to provide evidence of support for their claim. Kuhn’s process of discovery states that normal science is only thrown into a paradigm shift when a crisis emerges within the paradigm and the discoveries within the crisis lead to a revolution towards a new normal science. Within the scientific community of g lobal warming, the discoveries were preceded by observations

Tutorial on Alligation Free Essays

Tutorial – Alligation I This is a copy on a word document. A few members have posted that they could not open the original that was posted on August 4, 2002 as a Created Text File. The following is an exact duplicate: The following is a dilution problem, solved by using an alligation method. We will write a custom essay sample on Tutorial on Alligation or any similar topic only for you Order Now to see this problem solved by using ratio/proportion please see a Tutorial called: Tutorial on Dilution Using the Ratio / Proportion Method Problem: The doctor has ordered 60ml of a 12% solution of a specific drug (Rx). However, on the shelf you have only 30% (Availability or Av). What can you do? or use instead? Answer: Dilute the stronger 30% with WATER to make a 12% solution Calculation: Alligation or Ratio/Proportion Method This Tutorial is by using the Alligation method only. For the Ratio Proportion Method Please see the Tutorial on Dilution Using the Ratio / Proportion Method Begin by drawing a Tic Tac Toe diagram: NOTE: WATER has NO drug in it. Therefore the percentage (%) of drug is 0%. 1. Place the high in the upper left. (H) 2. Place the lowest in the lower left. (L) 3. Place the middle or what you are going to make in the middle. (M) 4. Subtract H – L and it becomes (both) the denominators. 30-0=30 5. Subtract H – M and it becomes the numerator of the lower right corner. 30- 12=18 6. Subtract M – L and it becomes the numerator of the upper right corner. 12-0=12 7. Check point: 12 + 18 = 30, 30 over 30 = 1 or 30/30 = 1 Note in the future doing other alligations: If your answer is one or 1 then you may proceed with a green light to the next step! Your alligation should look like this: 12 30% —– X 60 ml = 24 ml of 30 % solution 30 12% 18 % —– X 60 ml = 36 ml of WATER (0 % solution) 30 = 60 ml of 12% solution Dear All With the ability of this new site to keep the graphic or design of the tic tac toe, I have been able to enhance it here on a File attachment. The lines of the alegation stay straight!!! Jeanetta Mastron copyright July 18, 2002 The above is an exact copy/duplicate of the Created Text File on a word document. A few members have posted that they could not open the original that was posted on August 4, 2002 as a Created Textr File. The above is an exact duplicate. The following is the original date it was posted, the original link that is STILL on the site with the Created Text File, and a Print Screen which proves the original posted date. Original post date: Aug  4,  2002 Original link of JeanettasPTCBStudyGroup: http://f1. grp. yahoofs. com/v1/AMLVSb6aO3208cFhgB9h90haDMQjWFAZpRWYP9pgHo88xiQ8ZLvqBwWiBIDp pIEkkCdYpiUxP5thnV6nJHq6/5-%20Tutorial-1%20%26%20Study%20Information/S%208-%20Math%20Tutorials%20Only/Alligations/Tutorial%20on%20Allegations%20I This is the original and current description of the Created Text of: Tutorial on Allegations I Learn how to dilute a strong solution with WATER using the Allegation methodas described by Jeanetta Mastron CPhT, Founder of the PTCB Study Group! . To learn how to do this with the Ratio-Proportion Method see the Tutorial on Dilutio using Ratio/Proportion Method copyright July 2002 by Jeanetta Mastron This is a print screen to prove that this was posted earlier. [pic] Please note the correct spelling of the word is Alligation. [pic] ———————– Notice the dates: Original Sept 21, 2003 Word Copy Apr 3, 2009 Updated Word May 23, 2009 How to cite Tutorial on Alligation, Papers

About Rabha Tribe of Assam free essay sample

Such traditional songs are basically found in the subgroups such as Maitory, Rongdani, Kocha, Pati, Dahuri, Totola etc. , who have retained their traditional faith and dialects. Rabha folk songs can be classified into the following categories: (a) Songs associated with worship, fair and festivals; (b) Songs connected with the rites of passage; (c) Seasonal songs; (d) Songs of love and yearning; (e) Songs associated with merriment; (f) Songs associated with agriculture; (g) Work songs and (h) Miscellaneous songs. (a) Songs associated with worship, fair and festivals: Seasonal fair and religious festivals are common in Rabha Society. These religious festivals are especially arranged for agricultural purposes. Among these religious festivals the worship of khoktshi or baikhu is very significant. It is primarily a dance and song based festival, organized before the commencement of the agricultural activities of the year. The festival begins with wishing each other a happy new year and in the memory of dodan and marukhetri. We will write a custom essay sample on About Rabha Tribe of Assam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deities like khoktshima, bairaNgiri, mairaNgiri, etc. are also individually worshiped, where praise-worthy huimaru or baikhu song of dodan and marukhetri, daduri, tshutsari,dzimari are sung through out the night. Beside these, sathar song is also sung by the youths. The specimen of the song is quoted below: hoi aiya tshitsora aiya tshitsora tolotshi porano dONa, tematshe hoi aiya tshitsora. aiya tshitsora tontshera doNa tematsha hoi aiya tshitsora. Oh Goddess earth, please satisfy our heartiest salutation and listen to our humble prayers. Oh mother, bless us with grain and wealth. Oh mother, we are the descendents of marukhetri Tukuria geet is another significant folk song related to religious festival. Tukuria geet is sung at the time of worshipping tukuriadeo (Goddess). In this ballad like song, the description of langadevata (mahadeva) , narayani (parbati), kashulkumari, supuni, ghardeboti, rathawali kachaikhaiti, dudhkwari, subsani ( nine sisters ) and gosani, coming down from heaven along with herkapeta (ganesh) with the intention of worship is enunciated. (b) Songs connected with the rites of passage: The Rabha society has a wide-ranging numbers of folksongs connected with the rites of passage. Among these, mention may be made of to-tekamni tsay (Marriage related), pharkanti (folk song related to death ceremony), etc. Pharkanti is a folk song presented in sradha ceremony. This kind of folk tradition is found in Maitori and Rongdani sub-groups. A part of pharkanti song is given below: tondoleka ana ana korok korok khara ato dzonOm rano ure naNtshe phamana oh bhai mansheleNka naNTtshe phamana. Oh kingfisher, you know what our brother will be born as (C) Seasonal song: Since time immemorial, the agrarian society of the Rabha follows different agriculture or season related festivals, where the pan picture of society is depicted through a variety of songs. Among these mention may be made of bhaluk notshuwar geet (Bear dance), Ori / arimaga geet (bagging song), hatshoN puja geet, Grimbuda, etc. e. g. : ori/arimoga geet-Ori or Arimoga geet is associated with begging, i. e. , a group of children go from house to house singing in order to collect remuneration or money. This kind of folk song is prevalent among Pati Rabhas. A part of Ori or arimoga geet is given below:- ahiluNre orene mahalaksmir tshorone m ahalaksmir ditshe bor dhan topata olai por we have come wandering, to the feet of goddess laksmi, please offer us something in the name of laksmi who is blessing you (d) Songs of love and yearning: Songs of love and yearning (pronoigandhi geet) are very popular among the Rabha’s. Among these songs mention may be made of sathar geet bahuraNi geet, Baikho-trokkay geet. e. g. : sathar geet: The ‘sathar geet’ is sung in baikhu festival. bhogobano urgino bhog-tultshirai nukbarkaiyo urgino tshale rumal phulo rai hurtshai hurtshai Submit to the almighty with ‘tulsi’ submit to the dear ones with floral rumal i. e. handkerchief Baikho-trokkay is another significant love and yearning song sung in Baikho worship. The Maitory and Rongdani Rabha’s specially sing this song. The young boys and girls generally present it.

Work based project Essay Example For Students

Work based project Essay The meals that are offered should meet the Essence of care standards which state that all patients are entitled to three balanced meals a day including snacks 24hrs a day. However it also states that Community and Mental Health services are therefore:- not required to adopt the menu format as set out in the NHS Recipe Book but are encouraged to do so where this is appropriate. The Ward Manager mentioned that cutbacks in the food menu and other areas were needed to meet the budget and therefore I was urged to quash hopes of games sessions as funding would be needed for items such as balls etc. We will write a custom essay on Work based project specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Even though there were clearly many health benefits to the patients undertaking exercise rather than being schooled on a balanced diet, the latter was favoured because it was the safer option, but the question was safer for whom? I then went to work on my presentation and used PowerPoint and incorporated the use of flashing images and sounds to gain the attention of the service users (my audience) and also to try and make the session as least boring as I could. The biggest dilemma I faced however was that of telling the service users that the activity that they had taken their time to choose had been greatly modified if not completely disregarded. During lunch on the day before the proposed new activity was to take place I had to announce to the service users the change in structure. Many of them did not respond verbally but I could see by their facial expressions that they were extremely disappointed. I explained to them that it was to safeguard their health and safety and proposed my talk about health talk the following day, I had complete reservations about the attendance of the session. As expected, almost all of the service users did not show up, with exception of only two, Mrs. E and John. It was apparent that the service users had lost trust in me and were obviously conveying their feelings by refusal to show up. Mrs. E and John only managed to stay stationary for less than five minutes and had begun to fondle each other. The support workers had to pull them apart and I was unable to carry out the rest of my presentation. On Reflection Looking back at my research project I would not change the way in which I carried it out however I feel it would have been beneficial if I had known the residents for as long as I have known them now. There are also indications that more accurate, detailed information is provided when the researcher has spent time getting to know people and has regular contact with the participants during the research'(Cornwell, 1984). I also did not take into account how much of an impact the organizations policies were going to have on the project. I would have preferred for the project to have had a positive impact on the service users however I feel that it may have lowered their self esteem even more. Nonetheless McIver (1991) suggests that where an evaluation has explored in some depth the nature of the service individuals receive as well as the impact it has on the recipients, the task of establishing the relationships between these two sets of data is challenging but nonetheless of considerable importance to the future development of policy and provision. As services strive more and more to offer an individual service to their users this can complicate attempts to aggregate outcomes, and produce misleading results for the project as a whole. Whilst planning the project and undertaking it there are many issues that I encountered that may need reviewing and others changed completely. Firstly, the main problem was that the organisation did not look at the patients as people and disregarded what they wanted. .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .postImageUrl , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:hover , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:visited , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:active { border:0!important; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:active , .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495 .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0dbf2dfd153a80f0cd15fb8f4ef9b495:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Describe the challenges that Human Resource Manage EssayThe problem many healthcare workers face is that they get stuck in a situation where they routinely treat the patients as a whole and do not take the time to get to know them personally and take heed to their individual likes and interests. The National Service Framework (1999) states All mental health service users on CPA should receive care which optimises engagement however one could argue that this was not the case when the Ward manager refused an activity that offered many advantages. Furthermore The Community Care Act (1990) states that In some cases, resources should not be taken into account, for instance, if a person would be at severe physical risk if a service were not provided. Even though the service users (especially the heavier ones) may not suffer straightaway, over a period of time they could be at physical risk from not having any exercise. Moreover because research suggests that exercise eases stress and may cause a reduction in low self esteem it could possibly slow the processes of patients becoming more depressed. Discrimination against people with mental health problems is rife and extends into the health professions (Chadda, 2000) and discriminatory behaviour is conveyed by certain members of staff at the unit. The National Occupational Standards state that one of the key purposes of Mental health services is to provide equitable and non-discriminatory services, across all age groups and settings however one could argue that the senior members of staff may discriminate against Mrs. E and John because of their expression of their sexuality. It is possible that staff separate Mrs. E and John for their own benefit rather than for the benefit of the service users themselves because it seems that the more they are not allowed to interact with people of different sex it makes their exhibition of promiscuous behaviour even worse. It is apparent that the organisational structure of health and social care services has developed a culture of just do it and do not ask questions. This could be because of a number of several factors. The healthcare market has grown dramatically and this is reflected also by the many consumers. Statistics (2000) show that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people being referred to psychiatric services since the 1940s particularly men and young people. Furthermore 65% more are being referred to psychiatric hospitals for the first time. This obviously has an impact on the healthcare sector as a whole because the Government has had to up funding over the years to cope with the demand for care services. This is in turn puts pressure on the many NHS funded hospitals and psychiatric units to keep up standards and not go over their budgets. This is reflected in the way the ward manager runs the unit and may give reason to as to why she refused the recreational activity chosen by the service users because of factors such as the funding to buy equipment, the time and effort in doing the risk assessments for each and every patient who takes part and also the allocation of staff. Care vs control is also a major issue as I found it hard to interview some patients because of the medication that they had received which made them drowsy and rarely alert. The nursing staff may sometimes give medication to the patients before the allocated time so that they dont act up or when they are being aggressive than usual. Healthcare workers need to take into account that it may be possible for the service user may be upset about something and may be lashing out just as normal people do. Conclusion There are a number of factors which work together to strengthen the case for giving greater priority to evaluation in the planning and delivery of services for people with mental health problems. .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .postImageUrl , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:hover , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:visited , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:active { border:0!important; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:active , .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133 .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u06fc3ca9f153e58cd44a7ae6fba41133:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Taoism, Confucianism And Buddhism EssayThe inclusion of users perspectives in the evaluation of mental health is increasingly seen as a way of giving a marginalized group more of a voice( White and McCollam,1999). However this is much easier in theory than it is in practice. Many psychiatric patients continue to need long-term care in institutions in the public and private sector, despite the development of community facilities. Long-stay psychiatric institutions vary in size, level of security, facilities and type of care provided. Patients are usually regarded as long-stay if they are in an institution for more than a year. Inevitably, many long-stay in-patients experience limitations to their freedom, personal choice and activity, usually compounded by a low income and relative isolation from the community. References Bryman A. (2001). Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chadda, D. (2000) Discrimination rife against mental health patients. British Medical Journal, 320,1163 Cornwell, J 1984. Hard -earned lives:Accounts of health and illness from East London. London:Tavistock Gibson , C, 1998, Journal of Psychiatric ; Mental Health Nursing,5,(6), pp. 469-477 Hillsdon, M. , Thorogood, M. ; Foster, C. (1999) A systematic review of strategies to promote physical activity. In Benefits and Hazards of Exercise (ed. D. MacAuley), pp. 25-26. London: BMJ Publications http://www. indymedia. org. uk/en/2006/10/352537. html http://www. statistics. gov. uk/downloads/theme_health/PMA-AdultFollowup. pdf. Jamison, K. R. 1996. An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness. New York: Vintage Books McIver, S (1991). Obtaining the views of users of Mental Health Services. London. Kings fund centre. Meltzer, H. , Gill, B. , Petticrew, M. , et al (1996) Economic Activity and Social Functioning of Residents with Psychiatric Disorders (OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain, Report 6). London: HMSO National Service Frameworks for Mental Health, Modern Standards and Service Models (1999) Peat, J., Mellis, C. , Williams, K. and Xuan W. (2002), Health Science Research: A Handbook of Quantitative Methods, London: Sage Rubin, H. J. , Rubin, I. S. 2005, Analyzing Coded Data. In Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data, second edition, pp. 224-245. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Souminen T and Leino-Kilpi H (1997) Research in intensive care nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing 6, 69-76. Tilbury, D. (2002) Working with Mental Illness: A community-based approach, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan. UKCC, Guidelines to Mental Health and Learning Disabilities Nursing, 1998 White, J and McCollam . A, 1999. Evaluation of Social work services for people with Mental health problems. In Mental health and Social work, pp. 190-215. Jessica Kingsley.

Socialization of Drugs

Socialization of Drugs Free Online Research Papers Substance abuse in America has become an overwhelming problem considering the numbers of people who use today compared to fifty years ago. Today, drugs are used commonly by the rich and successful, the disadvantaged, middle class and a majority of the student body. America has become a drug culture, the marketplace of an international flow of drugs on an unprecedented scale. (Long, 1986) One of the main foundations of this social problem is the intense availability of drugs in neighborhoods where crime is prevalent. This whole issue can be regarded and defined through the conflict perspective and the basic conflict approach can be utilized as a tool to dissect the problem even further. There are many reasons why drug/substance abuse can be defined as a social problem. Kornblum and Julian developed three criterions for a condition to be considered â€Å"a social problem†. The first criterion is that the condition must be defined as a problem. If any American on the side of the street is asked if he or she thinks that substance abuse is a problem, the majority of them will answer, yes. Therefore, because majority believes it is a problem, then it fits the first criterion. The second criterion for defining it as a social problem is that it must affect everyone. â€Å"Agree that although this condition affects a segment of the population directly and/or disproportionately, it also affects the society as a whole or is ‘caused’ by something beyond the individual’s control.† (Sayegh, 2001) This rule can be applied to substance abuse because it affects all areas of class and society. The final criterion is to propose a solution. S ociety has done this through developing â€Å"say no to drugs† programs, rehab services, psycho/addiction therapy, offered many lectures, etc. to help keep people young and old off drugs. Now that substance abuse has been recognized as a social problem it can further be explained and categorized though the conflict perspective. The conflict perspective was developed by Karl Marx as a reaction to industrialization and capitalism. Although it is perceived as a radical perspective it is still efficient when dealing with substance abuse. In many ways, drug abuse can be attributed to the access of wealth and power, depending on the type of drug. Many statues of inequality, such as class, race ethnicity, gender, age, physical/mental capabilities, and sexual orientation, cause clashes in values and interests between different groups in society. Some of these groups are religious groups, political groups, men/women, and homosexual/heterosexual. Drug abuse affects all of these groups, both dominant and subordinate. (Sayegh 2001) This approach can also best be expressed through statistics. An estimated 14.8 million Americans were current users of illicit drugs in 1999, meaning they used an illicit drug at least once during the 30 days prior to the interview. 10.9% of youths age 12-17 reported current use of illicit drugs in 1999. The difference in gender is of those youths was 11.3%-male and 10.5%-female. For ethnic groups, the rates for illicit drug use were 3.2% for Asians, 6.6% for whites, 6.8% for Hispanics, 7.7% for African Americans, 10.6% for American Indian/Alaska Natives, and persons who claimed mixed race was 11.2%. The total percentages for large metropolitan, small metropolitan, non-metropolitan and rural were 7.1, 7.0, 5.2, and 4.2 respectively. Almost a 3% increase in users is found when going from rural to urban areas. (www.samhsa.gov/oas/NHSDA/1999/Highlights.htm) Although these statistics were for illicit drug users, it still expresses a lot in the way of drug abuse being a social problem. In some instances it even presents a conflict within itself. Some of the social inequalities are portrayed through these statistics. One is a clash between male and female. It is often true that men are more likely to be drug users than women. As time progresses this becomes less and less true. However, currently there are more males using than there are females statistically. (McDonald, 1994) In the instance of age, there are more youths becoming users at even earlier ages. This can be attributed to the pressures put on young children at an early age to do well and succeed, as well as pressures from peers. This can be found mainly in large metropolitan areas where classes are mixed in schools. It is obvious that the Bourgeoisie-the ‘Haves’ and the Proletariat-the ‘Have Nots’ are affected for several reasons. Considering the racial statistics, it is apparent that the most discriminated groups have the highest abuse rates as well as lower incomes. One exception to this is the Asian statistics. This, however, can be attributed to deeply rooted traditions from the societies they come from. Many cultures believe that drug addiction is a fault found in a person’s psyche and thus they are considered unclean. This is mostly due to the belief that addiction is a choice. â€Å"Absolutely crucial to disease-model thinking is the theory that when addicts are taking their drug, they have ‘lost control’. They supposedly cannot help themselves; they have no option but to go on taking the drug. It’s easy to see that this theory is indispensable to the disease model. Without this loss of control, how could anyone claim that the decision to take or not to take some drug was not a genuine choice? ‘Loss of control’ has been repeatedly sought by researchers and has never been found. All the evidence we have supports the view that drug addicts are conscious-yes, even calculating –responsible persons, in full command of their behavior.† (Shaler pg. 21) Alcoholics control their drinking, marijuana smokers control their smoking , cocaine users control their cocaine consumption, heroin addicts control their use of heroin, etc. (Schaler, 2000) Although what Schaler says is all found to be true to a degree, he isn’t writing from a social science perspective. Users do control the intake of their drug of choice, however who is chosen and who is not is more up to society with some psychological influence. The psychological influence, however, has been directly affected by society as mentioned before with inequalities of status. On a meso-level there is a system that has developed an ideology that drug addiction is a choice and that it is wrong which is the judicial system. They have developed a set of norms and values for society to follow with laws. Because they carry out the law and have their hands full of substance abusers, they are reliable sources for statistics on drug abuse related crimes. Every year they publish a Uniform Crime Report, otherwise known as the crime index. It is an â€Å"official† statistic report for crimes including murder, manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In this particular report the statistics for Drug Abuse violation arrests is recorded. Drug abuse violations are defined as State or local offenses relating to the unlawful possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing, and making of narcotic drugs including opium or cocaine and their derivatives, marijuana, synthetic narcotics, and dangerous nonnarcotic drugs such as barbiturates. (ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/briefing/basedrug.htm). There have been many different attempts at ending drug abuse related crimes by having a â€Å"war on drugs† and â€Å"locking all of them up†. Some problems with these solutions are that people find them intrusive into their personal lives and the cost of funding the war on drugs is about fifteen billion dollars a year. Some other arguments that go against the war on drugs are: â€Å"Because criminalization makes drugs expensive, addicts are forced to commit crimes to continue their habits† and â€Å"Because drug trade is illegal, highly profitable [it causes] turf wars and or disputes between drug dealers [which causes] increased violence.† (Sayegh, 2001) The trend in drug arrests among adults and juveniles has increased dramatically over the last 30 years as well. In 1970, 100,000 juveniles and 350,000 adults were arrested on drug related charges. In 1999, 1,350,000 adults and 250,000 juveniles were arrested on drug related charges. (ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/drug.htm) Perhaps these numbers have increased due to population growth, and perhaps they could be reduced with better drug education programs. To widely educate the risks and facts about drug abuse, the community must make an effort to come together and help those in need. These people must be students- in grades K-12; educators- teachers, school administrators, other members of school staff; and adult members- of the community, parents and friends of school children. After all of these groups make an effort to come together, and then the environment they create is a solution-oriented and safe one. (Bedworth, 1973) This helps all of the groups come to better understandings of the needs young people have when faced with uncomfortable situations. It also opens up communication pathways and allows the groups to trust one another. There are programs in every community that do this, such as Big Brothers and Big Sisters, United Way, and even some psychological hospitals offer one-on-one free counseling. Another way the community has tried to help young people is by putting up the â€Å"safe place† signs on their win dows. If a community comes together to help itself, then there eventually could be a drop in substance abusers. Throughout history, drugs have been used to medicate physical and emotional ailments. However, when the user becomes dependent, more serious problems develop. This is not just an individual problem, but also a social problem. (Brandeis University, 1993) It is an issue everyone faces because it is seen everywhere and affects every class, race, creed, sexual orientation and gender. Not only does it affect these groups, but creates larger problems in society, such as violence, illegal drug trafficking, and smuggling. All of these examples, society pays for, whether with tax dollars or with personal sacrifice. Perhaps through better drug education and a better understanding of the relationships individuals hold in society could it one day become utopian. â€Å"Clearly the concept of pure justice produces an infinite regress†¦We are all the descendants of thieves, and the world’s resources are inequitably distributed, but we must begin the journey to tomorrow from the point where we are today.† (Garrett Hardin) However, while there are many authors supporting the view that substance abuse is more sociological, there are others who may see it as nothing more than a criminal act. â€Å"The use of illegal drugs in America is viewed as a criminal behavior rather than a social problem† (Staton 148). The declaration of the war on drugs in the early eighties further emphasized the idea of users being criminals when in fact, users are no more criminals than the authority over them. A common definition of a criminal act is one that harms society, an action done deliberately for whatever motive that causes another person harm. Albeit, the statistical increase of drug related violent crime cannot be refuted, it can be directly correlated to the mishandling of drug users. We see a drug offender as a person who is a societal burden and even an outcast but the problem is much more complex than that. Our methods of handling a drug user have long been focused on incarceration followed by relea se with or without parole. Clearly an outcast and possibly a burden on society, but where did he choose this fate? To incarcerate a person who clearly needs rehabilitation creates a criminalized social deviant. The chance we have given the convicted drug offender to lead a successful life is non-existent. â€Å"Drug users must be looked at in a continuum, a progressive behavior that quickly escalates into a lifestyle that is not socially acceptable in our society. The road to disaster is paved with the first high, thats not in dispute. The teenager who smokes marijuana cigarette has done no more harm to society than a person J-walking across an empty highway† (Staton 149). Problems arise when the occasional joint turns into cocaine addiction and eventually, violence or crime. The good thing about our society is that that can be prevented quite simply. We have the most advanced law enforcement system in the world and also one of the best communication networks as well. It is very unlikely that our teenager who experimented with pot will see the sunrise before he is bombarded with media information and advertising. And, if he does not heed the advice of the wise, it is even more unlikely that in his predicted continued use of marijuana he will have a run in with the law bef ore he becomes that cocaine addict that mugged an elderly woman. This is where we fail. Lets assume that our teenage boy is a white, middle class freshman in college. He is picked up for possession of marijuana and given a court date. Our justice system will spend several hundred dollars prosecuting this delinquent child. He will acquire a criminal record and possibly be placed on a restricted lifestyle of some sort. Here we can see that he has not been treated, he has not been helped and in fact, our justice system has taken the first step in creating a social burden. With this standard method of adjudication, considering that a minimal after care program was completed (random drug testing), there is a sixty-two percent chance he will be in front of a judge in less than three years. Lets follow this particular teenager throughout his life. He may choose to use marijuana, drink alcohol and become the stereotypical college student. Depending on his personality, he may go on to try harder drugs, drugs that carry a much heavier penalty. Suppose his grades are slipping and he loses his girlfriend, he decides to use heroin and likes it. He is soon addicted, worsening his depression, and deals a little for some cash to buy more and an undercover officer arrests him. Again, our justice system comes so close to helping this guy out. The state spends a good deal of money on operations to seize drug dealers and they are surprisingly successful. Our boy will now go to jail. The federal government spends approximately six million dollars every year on federal inmates. The state spends about eleven million on its inmates, of whom forty percent are drug offenders. The boy is now kicked out of his college and will spend an average of nineteen months in a state prison. Here he will receive the benefits of a mere two million dollars allocated to rehabilitation and education resources available to him. He has a forty percent chance of not using marijuana while incarcerated and only a ten percent chance of being tested f or it. The main source of education becomes the inmates and a heavily used law library. The state prison has successfully educated a young, impressionable inmate how to fight, cheat, and swindle his way through our legal system and further, society itself. After nineteen months of jail the number of inmates charged with possession, has increased by almost eight percent over. In less than a decade the prison population of inmates charged with a drug offense has increased from seven hundred thousand to over one million. Despite the increases in the budget of over the last decade and a half from a little over one million dollars to 15 million per year, we have accomplished nothing. The man is released and goes out into our great land of opportunity. His parole officer advises him to stay clean and there is nothing more in the world that man wants to do than to stay off drugs. After being in a jail for a year and a half he is ready to start his life over. He suddenly realizes that he has no money, no job and no credit. We, as a society, have been influenced into thinking that a convicted drug offender with psychological problems is as bad as a violent offender. In a way, once released from a prison he is no better off. A man who may have beat his depression in jail on his own has now hit rock bottom. He now realizes that steady job is out of the question, friends are hard to come by and he has no place better to sleep than in a half-way house. His chances of receiving counseling in jail were only twelve percent and now its virtually impossible. He now has a seventy percent chance of staying clean for more than a year. For the twenty-five thousand dollars per year that we spent on his prison term, he was given nothing, spoke to no professionals in addiction and ironically becomes a new statistic. According to Kaminer, The poverty line in America is an income around sixteen thousand dollars a year. Our tax dollars pay twenty five thousand per year per inmate and he now has an income, if any, of about twelve. What has our prison system done for him? What has it done for society? With our increased spending and decreased rehabilitation efforts it seems as though we are moving backward. A drug user is not a criminal in the sense that our society deems him to be. We need to further explore our options for dealing with this social behavior to curb it before it escalates beyond our grasp. It is the politicians of this era that are hurting our society the worst, with their fears of not being re-elected outweighing their fears of a growing criminalized drug offender population. Bedworth, Albert E and D’Elia, Joseph A. 1973. Basics of Drug Education, Farminghale, NY: Baywood Publishing Company. Bureau of Justice Statistics Drug Arrests by Age. ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/drug.htm Drug Abuse Violation Arrests Data Sources. ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/briefing/basedrug.htm Garrett Hardin. lrainc.com/swtaboo/stalkers/hardin.html Highlights. samhsa.gov/oas/NHSDA/1999/Highlights.htm Institute For Health Policy, Brandeis University. 1993. Substance Abuse: The Nation’s Number One Health Problem, Key Indicators For Policy, Princeton, NJ: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Kaminer, Y. (1994). Adolescent substance abuse: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice. New York: Plenum. Long, Robert Emmet. 1986. Drugs and American Society, New York, NY: The H.W. Wilson Company. McDonald, Maryon. 1994. Gender, Drink and Drugs, Oxford, UK: Short Run Press. Sayegh, Aaron. 2001. â€Å"Measurements of Crime†. Sayegh, Aaron. 2001. â€Å"Sociological Buzzwords, Social Problems†. Schaler, Jeffrey A. Ph.D. 2000. Addiction Is a Choice, Peru, IL: Carus Publishing Company. Staton, M., Leukefeld, C., Logan, T. K., Zimmerman, R., Lynam, D., Milich, R., Martin, C., McClanahan, K., Clayton, R. (1999). Risky sex behavior and substance use among young adults. Health and Social Work, 24(2), 147-154. Research Papers on Socialization of DrugsThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement